NSG 5003 Advanced Pathophysiology
(South University)
Differentiation - answer(maturation) process in which cells become specialized in
structure and function
The eight specialized cellular functions are - answer movement, conductivity, metabolic
absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, communication
Eukaryotic cells - answerContain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by
membranes.
The eukaryotic cell consists of three general components - answerplasma membrane,
cytoplasm, and intracellular organelles
Nucleus - answerA part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth
and reproduction
Vaults - answercytoplasmic organelles that are carrying messengers of ribonucleic acid
(mRNA) from the nucleus to the ribosomal sites of protein synthesis
plasma membrane (cell membrane) - answerIt's function is to protect the cell and
control what goes in and out. It is not a solid structure. It is made of millions of smaller
molecules so it is flexible and porous (allows things to pass through it).
cellular receptors - answerprotein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the
cytoplasm, or in the nucleus that can recognize and bind with specific smaller molecules
called ligands
Ligands - answerA molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another
molecule.
Cells are held together by three different means: - answer(1) the extracellular
membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and (3)
specialized cell junctions.
Cells communicate in three main ways - answer(1) they form protein channels (gap
junctions); (2)
they display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical
contact; and (3) they use receptor proteins inside the target cell.
, reception - answerThe target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside
the cell.
Transduction - answerconversion of one form of energy into another
response - answerAn action or change in behavior that occurs as a result of a stimulus.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - answercompound used by cells to store and release
energy
oxidative phosphorylation - answerPart of the electron transport chain. A process
occurring in the mitochondria that results in the formation of ATP from the flow of
electrons across the inner membrane to bind with oxygen.
Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) - answercharge difference across the plasma
membrane
action potential - answerthe change in electrical potential associated with the passage
of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.
atrophy - answerto waste away
hypertrophy - answerincrease in cell size
Hyperplasia - answerincrease in the number of the cells in a tissue or organ
Dysplasia - answer(aka atypical hyperplasia) abnormal development or growth of cells,
tissues, or organs
Metaplasia - answerMature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
Cell injury mechanisms - answer-free radical formation
-hypoxia & ATP depletion
-intra-cellular calcium accumulation
hypoxia/anoxia - answerdecreased oxygen/lack of oxygen
free radicals can cause - answer1) lipid peroxidation or the destruction of unsaturated
fatty acids
2) alterations of proteins
3) alterations in DNA
Activation of inflammation and immunity - answeroccurs after cellular injury or infection
involving powerful biochemicals & proteins capable of damaging normal (uninjured &
uninfected) cells
(South University)
Differentiation - answer(maturation) process in which cells become specialized in
structure and function
The eight specialized cellular functions are - answer movement, conductivity, metabolic
absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, communication
Eukaryotic cells - answerContain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by
membranes.
The eukaryotic cell consists of three general components - answerplasma membrane,
cytoplasm, and intracellular organelles
Nucleus - answerA part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth
and reproduction
Vaults - answercytoplasmic organelles that are carrying messengers of ribonucleic acid
(mRNA) from the nucleus to the ribosomal sites of protein synthesis
plasma membrane (cell membrane) - answerIt's function is to protect the cell and
control what goes in and out. It is not a solid structure. It is made of millions of smaller
molecules so it is flexible and porous (allows things to pass through it).
cellular receptors - answerprotein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the
cytoplasm, or in the nucleus that can recognize and bind with specific smaller molecules
called ligands
Ligands - answerA molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another
molecule.
Cells are held together by three different means: - answer(1) the extracellular
membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and (3)
specialized cell junctions.
Cells communicate in three main ways - answer(1) they form protein channels (gap
junctions); (2)
they display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical
contact; and (3) they use receptor proteins inside the target cell.
, reception - answerThe target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside
the cell.
Transduction - answerconversion of one form of energy into another
response - answerAn action or change in behavior that occurs as a result of a stimulus.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - answercompound used by cells to store and release
energy
oxidative phosphorylation - answerPart of the electron transport chain. A process
occurring in the mitochondria that results in the formation of ATP from the flow of
electrons across the inner membrane to bind with oxygen.
Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) - answercharge difference across the plasma
membrane
action potential - answerthe change in electrical potential associated with the passage
of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.
atrophy - answerto waste away
hypertrophy - answerincrease in cell size
Hyperplasia - answerincrease in the number of the cells in a tissue or organ
Dysplasia - answer(aka atypical hyperplasia) abnormal development or growth of cells,
tissues, or organs
Metaplasia - answerMature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
Cell injury mechanisms - answer-free radical formation
-hypoxia & ATP depletion
-intra-cellular calcium accumulation
hypoxia/anoxia - answerdecreased oxygen/lack of oxygen
free radicals can cause - answer1) lipid peroxidation or the destruction of unsaturated
fatty acids
2) alterations of proteins
3) alterations in DNA
Activation of inflammation and immunity - answeroccurs after cellular injury or infection
involving powerful biochemicals & proteins capable of damaging normal (uninjured &
uninfected) cells
