NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CONCEPT REVIEW GUIDE 2026
PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES AND DISEASE
PROGRESSION
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of benign prostatic
hypertrophy?
Answer: dribbling; difficulty initiating urine stream; hesitancy;
urinary retention, decreased stream
◉ What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the
collecting ducts?
Answer: ADH- Anti Diuretic Hormone
◉ What is type 2 diabetes characterized as?
Answer: peripheral tissue insulin resistance
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of Graves' disease?
Answer: Exophthalmos (bulging eyes), goiter, enlarge thyroid, heat
intolerance, anxiety- hyperthyroidism
◉ What processes occur during fasting?
,Answer: glucogenesis; glycogenesis
◉ What type of tissue is accessed to promote energy production in
type 1 diabetes?
Answer: adipose/ fat
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism?
Answer: myxedema, fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, weight
gain
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism?
Answer: Goiter, fatigue, weight loss, infertility, memory loss, hair
loss, muscle pain
◉ What are the clinical manifestation of hyper para thyroidism?
Answer: fatigue, body aches, bone pain, depression, headaches,
memory loss
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of hypo para thyroidism?
Answer: numbness, tetany, parathesis, muscle spasms
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of ketoacidosis?
, Answer: fruity breath, drowsiness, nausea, thirst, confusion,
lethargy, vomiting
◉ What mechanisms control hormone release and regulation?
Answer: negative feedback loop
◉ What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland?
Answer: Growth Hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone,
thyroid stimulating hormone, LH, ACTH and endorphins
◉ What is diabetes insipidus?
Answer: a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which
causes excessive water loss
◉ clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus
Answer: polyuria, nocturia, continuous thirst, and polydipsia
◉ clinical manifestations of Cushings syndrome?
Answer: Excessive secretion of cortisol causes redistribution of fat,
"moon face", "buffalo" hump on the back and pendulous abdomen. -
Facial skin is flushed (high blood pressure), skin covering abdomen
develops stretch marks - •
CONCEPT REVIEW GUIDE 2026
PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES AND DISEASE
PROGRESSION
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of benign prostatic
hypertrophy?
Answer: dribbling; difficulty initiating urine stream; hesitancy;
urinary retention, decreased stream
◉ What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the
collecting ducts?
Answer: ADH- Anti Diuretic Hormone
◉ What is type 2 diabetes characterized as?
Answer: peripheral tissue insulin resistance
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of Graves' disease?
Answer: Exophthalmos (bulging eyes), goiter, enlarge thyroid, heat
intolerance, anxiety- hyperthyroidism
◉ What processes occur during fasting?
,Answer: glucogenesis; glycogenesis
◉ What type of tissue is accessed to promote energy production in
type 1 diabetes?
Answer: adipose/ fat
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism?
Answer: myxedema, fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, weight
gain
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism?
Answer: Goiter, fatigue, weight loss, infertility, memory loss, hair
loss, muscle pain
◉ What are the clinical manifestation of hyper para thyroidism?
Answer: fatigue, body aches, bone pain, depression, headaches,
memory loss
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of hypo para thyroidism?
Answer: numbness, tetany, parathesis, muscle spasms
◉ What are the clinical manifestations of ketoacidosis?
, Answer: fruity breath, drowsiness, nausea, thirst, confusion,
lethargy, vomiting
◉ What mechanisms control hormone release and regulation?
Answer: negative feedback loop
◉ What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland?
Answer: Growth Hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone,
thyroid stimulating hormone, LH, ACTH and endorphins
◉ What is diabetes insipidus?
Answer: a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which
causes excessive water loss
◉ clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus
Answer: polyuria, nocturia, continuous thirst, and polydipsia
◉ clinical manifestations of Cushings syndrome?
Answer: Excessive secretion of cortisol causes redistribution of fat,
"moon face", "buffalo" hump on the back and pendulous abdomen. -
Facial skin is flushed (high blood pressure), skin covering abdomen
develops stretch marks - •
