NUR 641E FINAL EXAM 2026
CLINICAL SCRIPT SOLVED
QUESTIONS VERIFIED ANSWERS A+
◉ Bioavailability.
Answer: the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and
used
-Affected by route of administration and drug dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
◉ Steady state (of a drug).
Answer: stable level of drug in the body, occurs in 5 half lives of the
drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being eliminated
from system
◉ Pharmacokinetics.
Answer: The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the
body, metabolized, and excreted.
-what the body does to the drug
,◉ First pass.
Answer: the fact that a medication in the GI tract passes through the
liver before entering other organs
◉ does not.
Answer: bioequivalence does/does not affect bioavailability
◉ Bioequivalence.
Answer: relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent
drugs.
◉ Bioavailability (is affected by).
Answer: -chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
◉ Cytochrome P450.
Answer: -enzymes that function to metabolize potentially toxic
compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous metabolism
such as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and
statins.
, -the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that
are inhibitors (ex. warfarin with omeprazole) because there is
competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
◉ cytochrome p450 inducer.
Answer: An inducer increases the metabolism of a substrate resulting in
a decreased level or effect of the substrate
◉ cytochrome p450 inhibitor.
Answer: An inhibitor decreases the metabolism of a substrate resulting
in an increased level or effect of the substrate.
◉ Clopidogrel.
Answer: prodrug that must be activated by hepatic CYP2C19
metabolism; individuals who are poor metabolizers may not form the
active metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
◉ half-life (determines).
Answer: how often a drug is administered
◉ 4-5.
Answer: steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
◉ Warfarin (MOA).
CLINICAL SCRIPT SOLVED
QUESTIONS VERIFIED ANSWERS A+
◉ Bioavailability.
Answer: the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and
used
-Affected by route of administration and drug dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
◉ Steady state (of a drug).
Answer: stable level of drug in the body, occurs in 5 half lives of the
drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being eliminated
from system
◉ Pharmacokinetics.
Answer: The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the
body, metabolized, and excreted.
-what the body does to the drug
,◉ First pass.
Answer: the fact that a medication in the GI tract passes through the
liver before entering other organs
◉ does not.
Answer: bioequivalence does/does not affect bioavailability
◉ Bioequivalence.
Answer: relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent
drugs.
◉ Bioavailability (is affected by).
Answer: -chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
◉ Cytochrome P450.
Answer: -enzymes that function to metabolize potentially toxic
compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous metabolism
such as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and
statins.
, -the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that
are inhibitors (ex. warfarin with omeprazole) because there is
competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
◉ cytochrome p450 inducer.
Answer: An inducer increases the metabolism of a substrate resulting in
a decreased level or effect of the substrate
◉ cytochrome p450 inhibitor.
Answer: An inhibitor decreases the metabolism of a substrate resulting
in an increased level or effect of the substrate.
◉ Clopidogrel.
Answer: prodrug that must be activated by hepatic CYP2C19
metabolism; individuals who are poor metabolizers may not form the
active metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
◉ half-life (determines).
Answer: how often a drug is administered
◉ 4-5.
Answer: steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
◉ Warfarin (MOA).
