THE ULTIMATE MCAT FLASHCARD SET! | FROM
QUESTION TO PERFECTION| STUDY WITH CONFIDENCE!
Course Code:
Course Title: MCAT.
Programme: THE ULTIMATE MCAT SET.
Academic Year: 2026/2027
Duration: 2 Hours
Total Marks: 100
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
,(III) Differences between the right and left ventricle of the heart Answer: Right ventricle: feeds
pulmonary circulation; generates less force and faces less resistance (bc circulation is much
shorter)
Left ventricle: feeds systemic circulation, generates more force and faces more resistance (bc
longer circulation)
(III) In an electric field (such as one that would be used in SDS PAGE), what charges are the
anodes and cathodes? Answer: Anode: positively charged
Cathode: negatively charged
(III) What is mutarotation? Answer: The initial opening and subsequent closing of a cyclic
hemiacetal chain, resulting in a mixture of anomers (alpha and beta)
(III) What is the difference between (d)- and D- configurations in stereochemistry? Answer:
(d)- means dextrorotatory. D- refers to a molecule with a chiral carbon similar to D-
glyceraldehyde (which is actually levorotatory)
(III) What is a vector? Answer: The sum of all displacements
(III) What is the essence of the continuity equation (in laminar flow)? Answer: While velocity
of fluid at a more narrow point (smaller cross-sectional area) is greater than at wider points, the
volume displaced per given time is always the same
(III) Why does it matter whether a pipe is open or closed when understanding sound harmonics?
Answer: If a pipe has one closed end, then only odd harmonics can exist
(III) How does one calculate efficiency? Answer: (load x load distance) / (effort x effort
distance)
Work output / Work input
(III) What is Benedict's reagent? Answer: A common reagent used to test for reducing sugars
(sugars with hemiacetal groups)
(III) How do we number a sugar chain that forms rings? Answer: Number them in the direction
from left to right in the planar structure, right to left in the chair conformation (from the
nucleophilic substituent to the carbonyl carbon)
(III) When an enzyme is saturated with substrate, what effect does adding more substrate do?
Answer: No significant effect
(III) What is the periodic trend of effective nuclear charge? Answer: it increases from left to
right across periodic table because of increase in positive charge in nucleus
it decreases as one descends a group because of a larger electron cloud (more inner electrons)
(III) What is the primary factor that changes a solubility product constant (Ksp)? Answer:
Temperature
Important Takeaway: Concentrations do NOT affect Ksp
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
,(III) What changes during a phase change? Answer: Entropy and Density
(III) Describe acid anhydrides. Answer: They're highly reactive compounds, formed by
condensation of two carboxylic acids. They're NOT soluble in water due to their high reactivity
(III) What does chymotrypsin do? Answer: It preferentially cleaves peptide bonds next to large
hydrophobic amino acids.
(III) What kind of reactants can undergo aldol condensation? Answer: Aldehydes!
(III) Describe the pathway of blood flow Answer: As blood moves from heart to lungs, moving
to slightly greater height. Then oxygenated blood returns back to heart and leaves the aorta in a
upward direction, circulates throughout the body, and returns back up to the heart through the
veins
(III) How is serotonin released from neurons? Answer: Via exocytosis (only way many many
molecules can be released from the cell at one time)
(III) What type of molecules are capable of diffusing across a cell membrane? Answer: Relative
small (and/or planar) or nonpolar molecules
(III) How do competitive inhibitors work? Answer: They bind reversibly to the active site and
increase Km (decrease affinity of the enzyme)
They are the PRIMARY inhibitors that bind to the active site
(III) Consequences of nondisjunction? Answer: Serious medical conditions (e.g. monosomy or
trisomy)
But depends on which chromosome is affected. Lower-numbered chromosomes generally have
more genetic material, so it is more likely that it may possess a gene whose presence/absence
may lead to deleterious effects
(III) What do most inactive enzymes have? Answer: Modifications to their active site, or
another form of altered tertiary structure
(III) How can a specific gene code for multiple protein? Answer: Gene transcription always
results in same primary transcript (pre-mRNA) but it can be processed many different ways by a
nuclear spliceosome, forming different mRNAs and thus different proteins
(III) Where do normal gut flora hang out? Answer: In the cecum
(III) What are the features of gram-negative organisms? Answer: Relatively thin cell walls with
periplasmic space
(III) What occurs in DNA repair? Answer: Base is excised by restriction enzyme, replaced by
polymerase, and finally linked to bases around it by DNA ligase
(III) What do topoisomerases do? Answer: They relax and wind/unwind DNA for synthesis
(III) Formula for osmotic pressure Answer: Π=iMRT (i = # particles in solution per original
formula unit)
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
3
, (III) Where does the majority of water reabsorption occur in the nephron? Answer: The
descending limb of the loop of Henle
(III) When do cells lose totipotency? Answer: At a very early embryonic stage
(III) What is Korsakoff's syndrome? Answer: Its a disorder in which cofabulation is often a
common symptom, where the subject will produce distorted memory without the intention to
deceive
(III) What is working memory involved in? Answer: Reasoning and comprehension. Processing
information
(III) What is fundamental attribution error? Answer: Tendency to over-value
dispositional/personality-based causes for behavior while under-valuing role of external
circumstances (for BOTH the self and others)
(III) What is self-effacing bias? Answer: Attributing success to external factors (opposite of
self-serving bias)
(III) What is the humanistic perspective? Answer: A belief in free will as the foremost
determinant in behavior (focus on cognitive thinking, in contrast to Behavioral therapy, which
focuses on actions)
(III) What is the Trait perspective? Answer: It focuses on measuring aspects of personality that
are able to be grouped into stable patterns of thought and behavior
(III) What is the concept of belief perseverance? Answer: When presented with information of
varying opinion, people are more likely to believe information that confirms their opinion and
discount evidence which refutes/contradicts it (similar to the confirmation bias)
(III) How do we increase statistical significance of a study's results? Answer: Increase the
number of data points in the study (often by incorporating data from other studies)
(III) What is residential segregation? Answer: The result of separation of different groups into
neighborhoods (not related to disparities caused by location of neighborhood or restriction of
access to resources, which is spatial inequality)
(III) What would substance addiction be classified under? Answer: Personal deviance
(III) What is the conflict theory? Answer: Power differentials exist between social classes and
these differences breed interclass competition. Individuals work to maintain their advantage and
thus the power differentials persist
(III) What does cognitive therapy do? Answer: Replace one attribution with another attribution
(III) What is Lamarckian inheritance? Answer: Belief in "use and disuse" inheritance.
Biological traits could be modified during individual's lifetime. Applies today more accurately
to cultural evolution
(III) What kind of reasoning do most scientific studies appeal to? Answer: Inductive reasoning
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
4
QUESTION TO PERFECTION| STUDY WITH CONFIDENCE!
Course Code:
Course Title: MCAT.
Programme: THE ULTIMATE MCAT SET.
Academic Year: 2026/2027
Duration: 2 Hours
Total Marks: 100
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
,(III) Differences between the right and left ventricle of the heart Answer: Right ventricle: feeds
pulmonary circulation; generates less force and faces less resistance (bc circulation is much
shorter)
Left ventricle: feeds systemic circulation, generates more force and faces more resistance (bc
longer circulation)
(III) In an electric field (such as one that would be used in SDS PAGE), what charges are the
anodes and cathodes? Answer: Anode: positively charged
Cathode: negatively charged
(III) What is mutarotation? Answer: The initial opening and subsequent closing of a cyclic
hemiacetal chain, resulting in a mixture of anomers (alpha and beta)
(III) What is the difference between (d)- and D- configurations in stereochemistry? Answer:
(d)- means dextrorotatory. D- refers to a molecule with a chiral carbon similar to D-
glyceraldehyde (which is actually levorotatory)
(III) What is a vector? Answer: The sum of all displacements
(III) What is the essence of the continuity equation (in laminar flow)? Answer: While velocity
of fluid at a more narrow point (smaller cross-sectional area) is greater than at wider points, the
volume displaced per given time is always the same
(III) Why does it matter whether a pipe is open or closed when understanding sound harmonics?
Answer: If a pipe has one closed end, then only odd harmonics can exist
(III) How does one calculate efficiency? Answer: (load x load distance) / (effort x effort
distance)
Work output / Work input
(III) What is Benedict's reagent? Answer: A common reagent used to test for reducing sugars
(sugars with hemiacetal groups)
(III) How do we number a sugar chain that forms rings? Answer: Number them in the direction
from left to right in the planar structure, right to left in the chair conformation (from the
nucleophilic substituent to the carbonyl carbon)
(III) When an enzyme is saturated with substrate, what effect does adding more substrate do?
Answer: No significant effect
(III) What is the periodic trend of effective nuclear charge? Answer: it increases from left to
right across periodic table because of increase in positive charge in nucleus
it decreases as one descends a group because of a larger electron cloud (more inner electrons)
(III) What is the primary factor that changes a solubility product constant (Ksp)? Answer:
Temperature
Important Takeaway: Concentrations do NOT affect Ksp
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
,(III) What changes during a phase change? Answer: Entropy and Density
(III) Describe acid anhydrides. Answer: They're highly reactive compounds, formed by
condensation of two carboxylic acids. They're NOT soluble in water due to their high reactivity
(III) What does chymotrypsin do? Answer: It preferentially cleaves peptide bonds next to large
hydrophobic amino acids.
(III) What kind of reactants can undergo aldol condensation? Answer: Aldehydes!
(III) Describe the pathway of blood flow Answer: As blood moves from heart to lungs, moving
to slightly greater height. Then oxygenated blood returns back to heart and leaves the aorta in a
upward direction, circulates throughout the body, and returns back up to the heart through the
veins
(III) How is serotonin released from neurons? Answer: Via exocytosis (only way many many
molecules can be released from the cell at one time)
(III) What type of molecules are capable of diffusing across a cell membrane? Answer: Relative
small (and/or planar) or nonpolar molecules
(III) How do competitive inhibitors work? Answer: They bind reversibly to the active site and
increase Km (decrease affinity of the enzyme)
They are the PRIMARY inhibitors that bind to the active site
(III) Consequences of nondisjunction? Answer: Serious medical conditions (e.g. monosomy or
trisomy)
But depends on which chromosome is affected. Lower-numbered chromosomes generally have
more genetic material, so it is more likely that it may possess a gene whose presence/absence
may lead to deleterious effects
(III) What do most inactive enzymes have? Answer: Modifications to their active site, or
another form of altered tertiary structure
(III) How can a specific gene code for multiple protein? Answer: Gene transcription always
results in same primary transcript (pre-mRNA) but it can be processed many different ways by a
nuclear spliceosome, forming different mRNAs and thus different proteins
(III) Where do normal gut flora hang out? Answer: In the cecum
(III) What are the features of gram-negative organisms? Answer: Relatively thin cell walls with
periplasmic space
(III) What occurs in DNA repair? Answer: Base is excised by restriction enzyme, replaced by
polymerase, and finally linked to bases around it by DNA ligase
(III) What do topoisomerases do? Answer: They relax and wind/unwind DNA for synthesis
(III) Formula for osmotic pressure Answer: Π=iMRT (i = # particles in solution per original
formula unit)
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
3
, (III) Where does the majority of water reabsorption occur in the nephron? Answer: The
descending limb of the loop of Henle
(III) When do cells lose totipotency? Answer: At a very early embryonic stage
(III) What is Korsakoff's syndrome? Answer: Its a disorder in which cofabulation is often a
common symptom, where the subject will produce distorted memory without the intention to
deceive
(III) What is working memory involved in? Answer: Reasoning and comprehension. Processing
information
(III) What is fundamental attribution error? Answer: Tendency to over-value
dispositional/personality-based causes for behavior while under-valuing role of external
circumstances (for BOTH the self and others)
(III) What is self-effacing bias? Answer: Attributing success to external factors (opposite of
self-serving bias)
(III) What is the humanistic perspective? Answer: A belief in free will as the foremost
determinant in behavior (focus on cognitive thinking, in contrast to Behavioral therapy, which
focuses on actions)
(III) What is the Trait perspective? Answer: It focuses on measuring aspects of personality that
are able to be grouped into stable patterns of thought and behavior
(III) What is the concept of belief perseverance? Answer: When presented with information of
varying opinion, people are more likely to believe information that confirms their opinion and
discount evidence which refutes/contradicts it (similar to the confirmation bias)
(III) How do we increase statistical significance of a study's results? Answer: Increase the
number of data points in the study (often by incorporating data from other studies)
(III) What is residential segregation? Answer: The result of separation of different groups into
neighborhoods (not related to disparities caused by location of neighborhood or restriction of
access to resources, which is spatial inequality)
(III) What would substance addiction be classified under? Answer: Personal deviance
(III) What is the conflict theory? Answer: Power differentials exist between social classes and
these differences breed interclass competition. Individuals work to maintain their advantage and
thus the power differentials persist
(III) What does cognitive therapy do? Answer: Replace one attribution with another attribution
(III) What is Lamarckian inheritance? Answer: Belief in "use and disuse" inheritance.
Biological traits could be modified during individual's lifetime. Applies today more accurately
to cultural evolution
(III) What kind of reasoning do most scientific studies appeal to? Answer: Inductive reasoning
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
4
