NR 507 NP Midterm Exam 2026-170
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+. 100% Verified Solutions
| Updated Per Latest Guidelines |
Graded A+.
1. Which adaptive cellular change is characterized by an
increased number of peroxisomes and smooth endoplasmic
reticulum in hepatocytes following chronic exposure to a
cytochrome P450 inducer?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Metaplasia
D) Dysplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: This adaptive change is hyperplasia, an increase in
the number of cellular organelles (peroxisomes and smooth
ER) to meet increased metabolic demands from chronic
exposure to substances like barbiturates or alcohol.
,2. A researcher is studying a cell line that lacks the ability to
phosphorylate p53 at serine 15. Which functional impairment
is most directly anticipated?
A) Impaired DNA repair due to failure to recruit base excision
repair enzymes
B) Reduced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to DNA
damage
C) Increased ubiquitination and degradation of p53 by MDM2
D) Loss of p53 transcriptional activity on genes involved in
senescence
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Phosphorylation of p53 at serine 15 stabilizes p53,
enabling cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Without this
phosphorylation, p53 is rapidly degraded, leading to reduced
cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to DNA damage.
,3. A researcher is investigating a genetic mutation that
abolishes the function of the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid
dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) in the kidney. Which
laboratory finding is most expected?
A) Hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis
B) Hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis
C) Hypernatremia and hypertension
D) Hypotension and hyponatremia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: 11β-HSD2 converts cortisol to cortisone,
protecting the mineralocorticoid receptor. Loss of this
enzyme allows cortisol to act as a mineralocorticoid, causing
sodium retention, potassium wasting, and hypertension,
leading to hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis.
4. A patient with a severe burn injury is at risk for
hypovolemic shock. Which mediator is most responsible for
the initial increase in capillary permeability?
,
A) Renin
B) Histamine
C) Aldosterone
D) Erythropoietin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Histamine, released from mast cells in response to
tissue injury, causes vasodilation and increased capillary
permeability, leading to fluid shift into tissues and
hypovolemia.
5. Which of the following are considered the "first
responders" of the innate immune system?
A) Macrophages
B) B-lymphocytes
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+. 100% Verified Solutions
| Updated Per Latest Guidelines |
Graded A+.
1. Which adaptive cellular change is characterized by an
increased number of peroxisomes and smooth endoplasmic
reticulum in hepatocytes following chronic exposure to a
cytochrome P450 inducer?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Metaplasia
D) Dysplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: This adaptive change is hyperplasia, an increase in
the number of cellular organelles (peroxisomes and smooth
ER) to meet increased metabolic demands from chronic
exposure to substances like barbiturates or alcohol.
,2. A researcher is studying a cell line that lacks the ability to
phosphorylate p53 at serine 15. Which functional impairment
is most directly anticipated?
A) Impaired DNA repair due to failure to recruit base excision
repair enzymes
B) Reduced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to DNA
damage
C) Increased ubiquitination and degradation of p53 by MDM2
D) Loss of p53 transcriptional activity on genes involved in
senescence
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Phosphorylation of p53 at serine 15 stabilizes p53,
enabling cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Without this
phosphorylation, p53 is rapidly degraded, leading to reduced
cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to DNA damage.
,3. A researcher is investigating a genetic mutation that
abolishes the function of the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid
dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) in the kidney. Which
laboratory finding is most expected?
A) Hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis
B) Hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis
C) Hypernatremia and hypertension
D) Hypotension and hyponatremia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: 11β-HSD2 converts cortisol to cortisone,
protecting the mineralocorticoid receptor. Loss of this
enzyme allows cortisol to act as a mineralocorticoid, causing
sodium retention, potassium wasting, and hypertension,
leading to hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis.
4. A patient with a severe burn injury is at risk for
hypovolemic shock. Which mediator is most responsible for
the initial increase in capillary permeability?
,
A) Renin
B) Histamine
C) Aldosterone
D) Erythropoietin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Histamine, released from mast cells in response to
tissue injury, causes vasodilation and increased capillary
permeability, leading to fluid shift into tissues and
hypovolemia.
5. Which of the following are considered the "first
responders" of the innate immune system?
A) Macrophages
B) B-lymphocytes
