NR 507 Midterm Exam 2026-160
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+. 100% Verified Solutions
| Updated Per Latest Guidelines |
Graded A+
1. Which cell type is the primary "first responder" in the
innate immune system?
A) Macrophages
B) T lymphocytes
C) Neutrophils
D) Dendritic cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Neutrophils are the earliest responders to acute
inflammation, rapidly migrating to infection sites via
chemotaxis. Macrophages arrive later for phagocytosis; T
lymphocytes are part of adaptive immunity; dendritic cells
present antigens .
,2. Which phase of cellular metabolism involves the
breakdown of glucose to pyruvate?
A) Glycolysis
B) Krebs cycle
C) Oxidative phosphorylation
D) Beta-oxidation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Glycolysis is the anaerobic breakdown of glucose
into pyruvate, producing ATP. The Krebs cycle and oxidative
phosphorylation are aerobic processes. Beta-oxidation is the
breakdown of fatty acids .
3. Which type of necrosis occurs in the brain following a
stroke?
A) Coagulative necrosis
,
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain due to
enzymatic digestion of necrotic tissue, forming a cystic space.
The brain's high lipid content and lack of supporting stroma
contribute to this pattern .
4. Which cellular organelle plays a critical role in the "point of
no return" in cellular injury?
A) Endoplasmic reticulum
B) Golgi apparatus
C) Mitochondria
,
D) Lysosomes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Mitochondria are the primary site of ATP
production through oxidative phosphorylation. When
mitochondrial damage reaches the "point of no return," ATP
production ceases entirely, leading to irreversible membrane
and DNA damage .
5. Which type of cell adaptation is characterized by an
increase in cell size?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+. 100% Verified Solutions
| Updated Per Latest Guidelines |
Graded A+
1. Which cell type is the primary "first responder" in the
innate immune system?
A) Macrophages
B) T lymphocytes
C) Neutrophils
D) Dendritic cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Neutrophils are the earliest responders to acute
inflammation, rapidly migrating to infection sites via
chemotaxis. Macrophages arrive later for phagocytosis; T
lymphocytes are part of adaptive immunity; dendritic cells
present antigens .
,2. Which phase of cellular metabolism involves the
breakdown of glucose to pyruvate?
A) Glycolysis
B) Krebs cycle
C) Oxidative phosphorylation
D) Beta-oxidation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Glycolysis is the anaerobic breakdown of glucose
into pyruvate, producing ATP. The Krebs cycle and oxidative
phosphorylation are aerobic processes. Beta-oxidation is the
breakdown of fatty acids .
3. Which type of necrosis occurs in the brain following a
stroke?
A) Coagulative necrosis
,
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain due to
enzymatic digestion of necrotic tissue, forming a cystic space.
The brain's high lipid content and lack of supporting stroma
contribute to this pattern .
4. Which cellular organelle plays a critical role in the "point of
no return" in cellular injury?
A) Endoplasmic reticulum
B) Golgi apparatus
C) Mitochondria
,
D) Lysosomes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Mitochondria are the primary site of ATP
production through oxidative phosphorylation. When
mitochondrial damage reaches the "point of no return," ATP
production ceases entirely, leading to irreversible membrane
and DNA damage .
5. Which type of cell adaptation is characterized by an
increase in cell size?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B
