Nightingale Pathophysiology
Midterm Exam Prep Document |
2026/2027 Edition | Verified
Questions - 179 Questions with
Answers.
1. Pathophysiology is best defined as:
A) The study of structural alterations in cells, tissues, and organs
B) The study of the underlying changes in body physiology that result
from disease or injury
C) The naming or identification of a disease
D) The study of tracking patterns of disease occurrence among
populations
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Pathophysiology is the study of the underlying changes in
body physiology at the molecular, cellular, and organ systems level that
, result from disease or injury. Pathology (A) investigates structural
alterations. Diagnosis (C) is the naming of a disease. Epidemiology (D)
tracks disease patterns among populations.
2. Which cellular organelle is the primary site of ATP production and is
most sensitive to hypoxic injury?
A) Endoplasmic reticulum
B) Golgi apparatus
C) Mitochondria
D) Lysosomes
E) Peroxisomes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Mitochondria are the primary site of ATP production through
oxidative phosphorylation. They are highly sensitive to hypoxia because
oxygen is required for ATP synthesis. Loss of mitochondrial function
leads to ATP depletion and cell death.
, 3. A patient presents with cellular swelling, fatty change, and loss of
microvilli. This pattern is most consistent with:
A) Irreversible cell injury
B) Reversible cell injury
C) Apoptosis
D) Necrosis
E) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cellular swelling (hydropic change), fatty change, and loss of
microvilli are characteristic of reversible cell injury. These changes occur
early in injury and can be reversed if the harmful stimulus is removed.
Irreversible injury (A) involves more severe changes such as membrane
damage and nuclear dissolution.
4. A pathologist notes "coagulative necrosis" in a tissue sample. Which
organ is most commonly affected by this type of necrosis?
, A) Brain
B) Kidney
C) Lung (tuberculosis)
D) Breast (fat necrosis)
E) Pancreas
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis is most commonly seen in solid organs
such as the kidney, heart, and adrenal glands following ischemic injury.
The brain (A) typically undergoes liquefactive necrosis; the lung in
tuberculosis (C) shows caseous necrosis; the breast (D) and pancreas (E)
may show fat necrosis.
5. If a patient has liquefactive necrosis, which organ should the nurse
assess first?
A) Kidney
Midterm Exam Prep Document |
2026/2027 Edition | Verified
Questions - 179 Questions with
Answers.
1. Pathophysiology is best defined as:
A) The study of structural alterations in cells, tissues, and organs
B) The study of the underlying changes in body physiology that result
from disease or injury
C) The naming or identification of a disease
D) The study of tracking patterns of disease occurrence among
populations
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Pathophysiology is the study of the underlying changes in
body physiology at the molecular, cellular, and organ systems level that
, result from disease or injury. Pathology (A) investigates structural
alterations. Diagnosis (C) is the naming of a disease. Epidemiology (D)
tracks disease patterns among populations.
2. Which cellular organelle is the primary site of ATP production and is
most sensitive to hypoxic injury?
A) Endoplasmic reticulum
B) Golgi apparatus
C) Mitochondria
D) Lysosomes
E) Peroxisomes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Mitochondria are the primary site of ATP production through
oxidative phosphorylation. They are highly sensitive to hypoxia because
oxygen is required for ATP synthesis. Loss of mitochondrial function
leads to ATP depletion and cell death.
, 3. A patient presents with cellular swelling, fatty change, and loss of
microvilli. This pattern is most consistent with:
A) Irreversible cell injury
B) Reversible cell injury
C) Apoptosis
D) Necrosis
E) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cellular swelling (hydropic change), fatty change, and loss of
microvilli are characteristic of reversible cell injury. These changes occur
early in injury and can be reversed if the harmful stimulus is removed.
Irreversible injury (A) involves more severe changes such as membrane
damage and nuclear dissolution.
4. A pathologist notes "coagulative necrosis" in a tissue sample. Which
organ is most commonly affected by this type of necrosis?
, A) Brain
B) Kidney
C) Lung (tuberculosis)
D) Breast (fat necrosis)
E) Pancreas
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis is most commonly seen in solid organs
such as the kidney, heart, and adrenal glands following ischemic injury.
The brain (A) typically undergoes liquefactive necrosis; the lung in
tuberculosis (C) shows caseous necrosis; the breast (D) and pancreas (E)
may show fat necrosis.
5. If a patient has liquefactive necrosis, which organ should the nurse
assess first?
A) Kidney
