NR507 MIDTERM AND FINAL EXAM 2026
NEWEST ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Oxygen transportation step 2.
Answer: oxygen diffused from the alveoli into pulmonary capillaries,
moving oxygen from the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart to
the aorta into systemic arterial circulation
⩥ Oxygen transportation step 3.
Answer: Perfusion (exchange of O2 and CO2 in the blood stream, which
occurs via the alveoli and pulm capillaries) of the systemic capillaries
with oxygenated blood
⩥ Oxygen transportation step 4.
Answer: oxygen is diffused from the systemic capillaries to each and
every cell
⩥ Gas CO2 transport step 1.
Answer: Diffusion of blood (deoxygenated) from cells into systemic
capillaries
⩥ Gas CO2 transport step 2.
,Answer: Perfusion of the systemic capillaries with deoxygenated blood
through the venous circulation, to the vena cava into the right side of the
heart, to the pulmonary arteries (ART carry deoxygenated blood)
⩥ Gas CO2 transport step 3.
Answer: Diffusion of the CO2 from pulmonary arteries into alveoli
through pulmonary capillaries
⩥ Gas CO2 transport step 4.
Answer: Exhalation of air by ventilation of lungs from removal of CO2
⩥ What are bronchioles?.
Answer: smallest of the conducting airways, branch out from the alveoli
and connect to the alveoli
⩥ What are the three layers of the bronchioles?.
Answer: Epithelial layer (inner layer) mucous containing goblet cells,
and ciliated cells.
Connective tissue (middle layer) lamina propia- cartilage and WBC's
Smooth muscle layer (outer layer) outer layer to constrict and dilate
⩥ What are the bronchioles controlled by?.
Answer: The autonomic nervous system
,Parasympathetic stimulation- mediated via vagus nerve--- release
neurotransmitter acetylcholine binds to cholinergic receptors-- leading to
bronchial constriction (decreased air flow). Dominates to limit exposure
to external substances
Sympathetic stimulation- stimulation of neurotransmitter epinephrine--
binds to beta 2- adrenergic receptors-- leading to bronchial dilation
⩥ What is asthma?.
Answer: chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa caused
by bronchial hyper-responsiveness, construction of airways, and variable
airflow obstruction that is reversible.
⩥ Asthma signs and symptoms.
Answer: Those are asymptomatic between attacks. Beginning of attacks-
-chest constriction, expiratory wheezing, dyspnea, nonproductive
coughing, prolonged expiration, tachypnea, and tachycardia
Severe attacks-- use of accessory muscles of respiration, wheezing
during both inspiration/expiration, pulsus paradoxus- decrease in SBP
during inspiration
⩥ Anti-cholingeric drugs for asthma.
Answer: Tiotropium and Ipratropium- these drugs block acetylcholine
binding--- leading to bronchodilation through decrease in the
parasympathetic response
, ⩥ What causes bronchitis and associated pathogenesis?.
Answer: acute causes- infection or inflammation
chronic causes- usually caused by viruses with a nonproductive cough
⩥ Chronic bronchitis.
Answer: Inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a long time.
Productive cough that continues for at least three months for a year for 2
years consecutive years. Enhanced chronic inflammatory response in the
airways to noxious particles or gases.
Inspired irritants-- bronchial inflammation-- bronchial edema increase in
mucous glands and goblet ells in airway, smooth muscle hypertrophy
with fibrosis, narrowing of airways
Hypersecretion of thick muscus and cannot be cleared due to impaired
ciliary function-- increasing susceptibility to infection contributing to
airway injury and ineffective repair.
Initially only affects larger bronchi-- eventually all airways involved
⩥ Chronic bronchitis and acid/base disturbances.
Answer: narrowed airway--obstruction-- ventilation-perfusion mismatch
with hypoxemia
Hypercapnia develops as air trapping worsens and the work of breathing
increase
Reduced tidal volumes-hypoventilation-- respiratory acidosis
NEWEST ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Oxygen transportation step 2.
Answer: oxygen diffused from the alveoli into pulmonary capillaries,
moving oxygen from the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart to
the aorta into systemic arterial circulation
⩥ Oxygen transportation step 3.
Answer: Perfusion (exchange of O2 and CO2 in the blood stream, which
occurs via the alveoli and pulm capillaries) of the systemic capillaries
with oxygenated blood
⩥ Oxygen transportation step 4.
Answer: oxygen is diffused from the systemic capillaries to each and
every cell
⩥ Gas CO2 transport step 1.
Answer: Diffusion of blood (deoxygenated) from cells into systemic
capillaries
⩥ Gas CO2 transport step 2.
,Answer: Perfusion of the systemic capillaries with deoxygenated blood
through the venous circulation, to the vena cava into the right side of the
heart, to the pulmonary arteries (ART carry deoxygenated blood)
⩥ Gas CO2 transport step 3.
Answer: Diffusion of the CO2 from pulmonary arteries into alveoli
through pulmonary capillaries
⩥ Gas CO2 transport step 4.
Answer: Exhalation of air by ventilation of lungs from removal of CO2
⩥ What are bronchioles?.
Answer: smallest of the conducting airways, branch out from the alveoli
and connect to the alveoli
⩥ What are the three layers of the bronchioles?.
Answer: Epithelial layer (inner layer) mucous containing goblet cells,
and ciliated cells.
Connective tissue (middle layer) lamina propia- cartilage and WBC's
Smooth muscle layer (outer layer) outer layer to constrict and dilate
⩥ What are the bronchioles controlled by?.
Answer: The autonomic nervous system
,Parasympathetic stimulation- mediated via vagus nerve--- release
neurotransmitter acetylcholine binds to cholinergic receptors-- leading to
bronchial constriction (decreased air flow). Dominates to limit exposure
to external substances
Sympathetic stimulation- stimulation of neurotransmitter epinephrine--
binds to beta 2- adrenergic receptors-- leading to bronchial dilation
⩥ What is asthma?.
Answer: chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa caused
by bronchial hyper-responsiveness, construction of airways, and variable
airflow obstruction that is reversible.
⩥ Asthma signs and symptoms.
Answer: Those are asymptomatic between attacks. Beginning of attacks-
-chest constriction, expiratory wheezing, dyspnea, nonproductive
coughing, prolonged expiration, tachypnea, and tachycardia
Severe attacks-- use of accessory muscles of respiration, wheezing
during both inspiration/expiration, pulsus paradoxus- decrease in SBP
during inspiration
⩥ Anti-cholingeric drugs for asthma.
Answer: Tiotropium and Ipratropium- these drugs block acetylcholine
binding--- leading to bronchodilation through decrease in the
parasympathetic response
, ⩥ What causes bronchitis and associated pathogenesis?.
Answer: acute causes- infection or inflammation
chronic causes- usually caused by viruses with a nonproductive cough
⩥ Chronic bronchitis.
Answer: Inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a long time.
Productive cough that continues for at least three months for a year for 2
years consecutive years. Enhanced chronic inflammatory response in the
airways to noxious particles or gases.
Inspired irritants-- bronchial inflammation-- bronchial edema increase in
mucous glands and goblet ells in airway, smooth muscle hypertrophy
with fibrosis, narrowing of airways
Hypersecretion of thick muscus and cannot be cleared due to impaired
ciliary function-- increasing susceptibility to infection contributing to
airway injury and ineffective repair.
Initially only affects larger bronchi-- eventually all airways involved
⩥ Chronic bronchitis and acid/base disturbances.
Answer: narrowed airway--obstruction-- ventilation-perfusion mismatch
with hypoxemia
Hypercapnia develops as air trapping worsens and the work of breathing
increase
Reduced tidal volumes-hypoventilation-- respiratory acidosis
