NR507 MIDTERM AND FINAL EXAM SCRIPT
2026 UPDATED QUESTIONS WITH
DETAILED RATIONALES GRADED A+
⩥ Acute Pyelonephritis.
Answer: Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be
similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be
present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract
imaging
⩥ Renal Calculi (Renal Stones).
Answer: Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
,⩥ Chronic Renal Failure.
Answer: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal
function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes
mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or
intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
⩥ Who is a candidate for dialysis?.
Answer: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with
the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with
hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on
dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR
rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked
T-waves) is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an
indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication
for dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and
Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
, --Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
⩥ Stage I CKD.
Answer: There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
⩥ Stage II CKD.
Answer: There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
⩥ Stage III CKD.
Answer: There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
⩥ Stage IV CKD.
Answer: There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
⩥ Stage V CKD.
Answer: Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is
inevitable as well as dialysis or kidney transplant
2026 UPDATED QUESTIONS WITH
DETAILED RATIONALES GRADED A+
⩥ Acute Pyelonephritis.
Answer: Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be
similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be
present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract
imaging
⩥ Renal Calculi (Renal Stones).
Answer: Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
,⩥ Chronic Renal Failure.
Answer: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal
function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes
mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or
intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
⩥ Who is a candidate for dialysis?.
Answer: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with
the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with
hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on
dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR
rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked
T-waves) is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an
indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication
for dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and
Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
, --Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
⩥ Stage I CKD.
Answer: There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
⩥ Stage II CKD.
Answer: There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
60-89
⩥ Stage III CKD.
Answer: There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
⩥ Stage IV CKD.
Answer: There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
⩥ Stage V CKD.
Answer: Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is
inevitable as well as dialysis or kidney transplant
