Online Instructor’s Manual with Testbank
for
Corrections in America
An Introduction
@
Fifteenth Edition
Harry E. Allen, Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus, San Jose State University
Lecturer, University of Louisville
A
Edward J. Latessa, Ph.D.
University of Cincinnati
pl
Bruce S. Ponder
Lecturer, University of Louisville
us
Instructor’s Manual and Testbank prepared by
Cassandra Atkin-Plunk
stu
vi
Boston Columbus Hobokon Indianapolis New York San Francisco
a
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal
Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore
Taipei Tokyo
i
@Aplusstuvia
, CHAPTER 1
EARLY HISTORY (2000 B.C. TO A.D. 1800)
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
A crucial question in corrections is, “Who are offenders and what shall we do
with them?” Part 1 deals with the process by which punishment originated as a
private matter between an offending party and the victim but later came to be an
official state function. Significant changes over time are examined, starting with
2000 B.C. and continuing through contemporary efforts to construct places of
punishment and reform. Behind each of the four major answers to the crucial
@
question lay assumptions about the nature of offenders and what to do with them.
Part 1 details these perceptions, assumptions, and answers, as well as
corresponding correctional practices and fads that have emerged during the last
4,000 years.
A
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Summarize the definition, mission, and role of corrections.
Summarize early responses to crime prior to the development of prisons.
pl
Describe how secular law emerged.
Summarize sentencing goals and primary punishment philosophies from 1800 to
present.
Outline the development of the prison.
us
LECTURE OUTLINE
What is the Role of Corrections?
o Significant changes since 2000 B.C.
o Currently, the role of corrections is to punish serious offenders,
stu
rehabilitate criminals, ensure public safety, and prepare offenders for
return to society as law-abiding citizens
Redress of Wrongs
o Retaliation
The earliest remedy for wrongs done to one’s person or property
was to retaliate against the wrongdoer.
vi
o Fines and Punishment
Criminal law requires an element of public action against the
wrongdoer
Early Codes
a
o Babylonian and Sumerian Codes
The concept of lex talionis is far older than the Bible; it appears in
the Sumerian codes (1860 B.C.) and in the 1750 B.C. code of King
Hammurabi of Babylon
While most historians view the Hammurabic Code as the first
comprehensive attempt at codifying social interaction, the
Sumerian codes preceded it by about a century
1
@Aplusstuvia
, o Crime and Sin
If society believed the crime might have offended a divinity, the
accused had to undergo a long period of progressively harsher
punishment to appease the gods.
Offenders had to “get right with God.”
o Roman and Greek Codes
In the sixth century A.D., Emperor Justinian of Rome wrote his
code of laws, one of the most ambitious early efforts to match a
desirable amount of punishment with all possible crimes.
The Greeks were the first society to allow any of their citizens to
prosecute an offender in the name of the injured party.
@
o The Middle Ages
The Middle Ages was a long period of general social disorder.
The church expanded the concept of crime to include some new
areas, still reflected in modern codes.
A
The zealous movement to stamp out heresy brought on the
Inquisition and its use of the most vicious tortures imaginable to
gain “confessions” and “repentance” from alleged heretics.
The main contribution of the medieval church to our study of
pl
corrections is the concept of free will.
Punishment
o Capital and Corporal Punishment
The most common forms of state punishment over the centuries
us
have been death, torture, mutilation, branding, public humiliation,
fines, forfeiture of property, banishment, imprisonment, and
transportation.
Torture, mutilation, and branding fall in the general category of
corporal punishment (any physical pain inflicted short of death).
stu
The public humiliation of offenders was a popular practice in early
America, utilizing such devices as the stocks, the pillory, ducking
stools, the brank, and branding.
o Deterrence
The extensive use of capital and corporal punishment during the
Middle Ages reflected, in part, a belief that public punishment
vi
would deter potential wrongdoers.
In more recent years, deterrence has been reconceived as general
and specific deterrence.
o Emergence of Secular Law
a
In the early fourteenth century, many scholars advocated the
independence of the monarchy from the pope.
The early background of law and punishment points up the
significance of social revenge as a justification for individual or
societal punishment against an offender.
o Early Prisons
Some form of detention for offenders, whether temporary or
permanent, has been a social institution from the earliest times.
2
@Aplusstuvia
, The only early Roman place of confinement we know much about
is the Mamertine Prison, a vast system of primitive cells built
under the main sewer of Rome.
o Workhouses
Bridewell, a workhouse, was created for the employment and
housing of London’s “riffraff” in 1557 and was based on the work
ethic that followed the breakup of feudalism and the increased
migration of the rural populations to urban areas.
Workhouses did not typify the places of confinement used for
minor offenders and other prisoners in the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries.
@
The Age of Enlightenment and Reform
o Montesquieu and Voltaire: The French Humanists
The French philosophical thinkers Montesquieu (1689–1755) and
Voltaire (1694–1778) epitomized the Age of Enlightenment’s
A
concern for the rights of humanity
The humanitarian efforts of those men paralleled the work of the
most influential criminal law reformer of the era, Cesare Beccaria
(1738–1794), founder of the Classical School.
pl
o Bentham and the Hedonistic Calculus
Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) was the leading reformer of the
British criminal law system during the late eighteenth and early
nineteenth centuries.
us
Asserting that the main objective of an intelligent person is to
achieve the most pleasure while experiencing the least amount of
pain, he developed his famous “hedonistic calculus.”
o John Howard
John Howard (1726–1790) gave little thought to prisons or prison
stu
reform until he was appointed sheriff of Bedfordshire in 1773.
In 1777, he described those conditions and suggested reforms in
his State of Prisons.
Teaching Tip: Invite a representative from the John Howard
Society as a guest lecturer
o Teaching Tip: Show the video “Let the Doors Be Made of Iron.”
vi
Princeton, NJ. Films for the Humanities and Science (800) 257–5126
Houses of Corrections, Workhouses, and Gaols
o The proliferation of Bridewell-style houses of correction in England was
originally intended as a humanitarian move.
a
o The workhouse was actually intended not as a penal institution but as a
place for the training and care of the poor.
o The use of gaols (“jails”) to detain prisoners has a grim and unsavory
history.
o Teaching Tip: Show the video “The History of American Corrections.”
American Correctional Association
Transportation System
o Deportation to the American Colonies and Australia
3
@Aplusstuvia
for
Corrections in America
An Introduction
@
Fifteenth Edition
Harry E. Allen, Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus, San Jose State University
Lecturer, University of Louisville
A
Edward J. Latessa, Ph.D.
University of Cincinnati
pl
Bruce S. Ponder
Lecturer, University of Louisville
us
Instructor’s Manual and Testbank prepared by
Cassandra Atkin-Plunk
stu
vi
Boston Columbus Hobokon Indianapolis New York San Francisco
a
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal
Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore
Taipei Tokyo
i
@Aplusstuvia
, CHAPTER 1
EARLY HISTORY (2000 B.C. TO A.D. 1800)
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
A crucial question in corrections is, “Who are offenders and what shall we do
with them?” Part 1 deals with the process by which punishment originated as a
private matter between an offending party and the victim but later came to be an
official state function. Significant changes over time are examined, starting with
2000 B.C. and continuing through contemporary efforts to construct places of
punishment and reform. Behind each of the four major answers to the crucial
@
question lay assumptions about the nature of offenders and what to do with them.
Part 1 details these perceptions, assumptions, and answers, as well as
corresponding correctional practices and fads that have emerged during the last
4,000 years.
A
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Summarize the definition, mission, and role of corrections.
Summarize early responses to crime prior to the development of prisons.
pl
Describe how secular law emerged.
Summarize sentencing goals and primary punishment philosophies from 1800 to
present.
Outline the development of the prison.
us
LECTURE OUTLINE
What is the Role of Corrections?
o Significant changes since 2000 B.C.
o Currently, the role of corrections is to punish serious offenders,
stu
rehabilitate criminals, ensure public safety, and prepare offenders for
return to society as law-abiding citizens
Redress of Wrongs
o Retaliation
The earliest remedy for wrongs done to one’s person or property
was to retaliate against the wrongdoer.
vi
o Fines and Punishment
Criminal law requires an element of public action against the
wrongdoer
Early Codes
a
o Babylonian and Sumerian Codes
The concept of lex talionis is far older than the Bible; it appears in
the Sumerian codes (1860 B.C.) and in the 1750 B.C. code of King
Hammurabi of Babylon
While most historians view the Hammurabic Code as the first
comprehensive attempt at codifying social interaction, the
Sumerian codes preceded it by about a century
1
@Aplusstuvia
, o Crime and Sin
If society believed the crime might have offended a divinity, the
accused had to undergo a long period of progressively harsher
punishment to appease the gods.
Offenders had to “get right with God.”
o Roman and Greek Codes
In the sixth century A.D., Emperor Justinian of Rome wrote his
code of laws, one of the most ambitious early efforts to match a
desirable amount of punishment with all possible crimes.
The Greeks were the first society to allow any of their citizens to
prosecute an offender in the name of the injured party.
@
o The Middle Ages
The Middle Ages was a long period of general social disorder.
The church expanded the concept of crime to include some new
areas, still reflected in modern codes.
A
The zealous movement to stamp out heresy brought on the
Inquisition and its use of the most vicious tortures imaginable to
gain “confessions” and “repentance” from alleged heretics.
The main contribution of the medieval church to our study of
pl
corrections is the concept of free will.
Punishment
o Capital and Corporal Punishment
The most common forms of state punishment over the centuries
us
have been death, torture, mutilation, branding, public humiliation,
fines, forfeiture of property, banishment, imprisonment, and
transportation.
Torture, mutilation, and branding fall in the general category of
corporal punishment (any physical pain inflicted short of death).
stu
The public humiliation of offenders was a popular practice in early
America, utilizing such devices as the stocks, the pillory, ducking
stools, the brank, and branding.
o Deterrence
The extensive use of capital and corporal punishment during the
Middle Ages reflected, in part, a belief that public punishment
vi
would deter potential wrongdoers.
In more recent years, deterrence has been reconceived as general
and specific deterrence.
o Emergence of Secular Law
a
In the early fourteenth century, many scholars advocated the
independence of the monarchy from the pope.
The early background of law and punishment points up the
significance of social revenge as a justification for individual or
societal punishment against an offender.
o Early Prisons
Some form of detention for offenders, whether temporary or
permanent, has been a social institution from the earliest times.
2
@Aplusstuvia
, The only early Roman place of confinement we know much about
is the Mamertine Prison, a vast system of primitive cells built
under the main sewer of Rome.
o Workhouses
Bridewell, a workhouse, was created for the employment and
housing of London’s “riffraff” in 1557 and was based on the work
ethic that followed the breakup of feudalism and the increased
migration of the rural populations to urban areas.
Workhouses did not typify the places of confinement used for
minor offenders and other prisoners in the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries.
@
The Age of Enlightenment and Reform
o Montesquieu and Voltaire: The French Humanists
The French philosophical thinkers Montesquieu (1689–1755) and
Voltaire (1694–1778) epitomized the Age of Enlightenment’s
A
concern for the rights of humanity
The humanitarian efforts of those men paralleled the work of the
most influential criminal law reformer of the era, Cesare Beccaria
(1738–1794), founder of the Classical School.
pl
o Bentham and the Hedonistic Calculus
Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) was the leading reformer of the
British criminal law system during the late eighteenth and early
nineteenth centuries.
us
Asserting that the main objective of an intelligent person is to
achieve the most pleasure while experiencing the least amount of
pain, he developed his famous “hedonistic calculus.”
o John Howard
John Howard (1726–1790) gave little thought to prisons or prison
stu
reform until he was appointed sheriff of Bedfordshire in 1773.
In 1777, he described those conditions and suggested reforms in
his State of Prisons.
Teaching Tip: Invite a representative from the John Howard
Society as a guest lecturer
o Teaching Tip: Show the video “Let the Doors Be Made of Iron.”
vi
Princeton, NJ. Films for the Humanities and Science (800) 257–5126
Houses of Corrections, Workhouses, and Gaols
o The proliferation of Bridewell-style houses of correction in England was
originally intended as a humanitarian move.
a
o The workhouse was actually intended not as a penal institution but as a
place for the training and care of the poor.
o The use of gaols (“jails”) to detain prisoners has a grim and unsavory
history.
o Teaching Tip: Show the video “The History of American Corrections.”
American Correctional Association
Transportation System
o Deportation to the American Colonies and Australia
3
@Aplusstuvia
