Patho Exam 3 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS NEW VERSION LATEST
UPDATE 2024 - 2025 and more Exams in
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Neurons need these 2 things to survive - ✅✅-Glucose
O2
Part of neuron that protects neuron from breakdown - ✅✅-Myelin sheath
categories of neurons - ✅✅-sensory
motor
interneurons
✅✅-afferent neurons (ex: touching hot stove,
known as Afferent neurons
carry impulses from periphery to the brain -
moving hand AWAY from stove)
✅✅-motor neurons (brain tells body to
known as efferent neurons
carry signals away from spinal cord/brain to body -
move)
✅✅-interneurons
most abundant type of neurons
transmits signals between afferent and efferent neurons -
difference in electrical charge between the inside/outside of the cell - ✅✅-membrane potention
✅✅
electrical event that travels along entire neuron and allows neurons to communicate -
-action potential (needed tot create movement)
3 components of action potential - ✅✅-resting membrane potential
depolarization phase
repolarization phase
what electrolyte is abundant intracellularly -✅✅-K+
what electrolyte is abundant extracellularly - ✅✅-Na+
more anions inside the cell
,no action potential - ✅✅-resting membrane potential
✅✅
+ charge inside the cell (more + ions inside the cell than outside the cell)
d/t rapid movement of Na+ into the cell - -depolarization phase
cell gets back to - state after depolarization is finishing - ✅✅-repolarization phase
processes of neuronal injury - ✅✅-chromatolysis
atrophy
neuronophagia
intraneuronal inclusions
swelling of the neuron d/t injury and example - ✅✅-chromatolysis (stroke)
decrease in the size of the cell and example - ✅✅-atrophy (normal aging)
phagocytosis/inflammation of neurons and example - ✅✅-neuronophagia (meningitis/MS)
distinctive structures formed in the nucleus or cytoplasm and example - ✅✅-intraneuronal
inclusions
(brain tumor/lesion from virus)
neuro developmental considerations in embryo - ✅✅-neural tube develops (defect: fails to
close/prevention: folic acid)
neuro developmental considerations in newborn - ✅✅-all needed neurons are present (for a
lifetime)
neuro developmental considerations in 2 yo - ✅✅
-brain is 80% of adult size (more learning
occurs/myelin is deposited on fibers/protects neurons)
developmental considerations in aging patients (normal brain in > 80 yo) - ✅✅-decrease in
number of neurons
enlargement of ventricle (more room for CSF/less room for brain tissue)
widening of sulci (grooves)
decreased brain volume/weight (d/t atrophy, allows for better chance of survival s/p stroke- room
for swelling)
sensory changes (decrease in hearing, vision, etc)
part of the brain that is NOT contralateral - ✅✅-cerebellum
part of brain that is contralateral - ✅✅-frontal
parietal
occipital
, temporal
part of brain: intellect/emotion/personality/Broca's area (speech production) - ✅✅-frontal
✅✅
aphasia condition that can manifest from injury to Broca's area (in frontal lobe) -
-expressive aphasia
part of brain: tactile sensation (pain, temp, touch) - ✅✅-parietal
part of brain: vision - ✅✅-occipital
part of brain: hearing, Wernicke's area (speech comprehension) - ✅✅-temporal
✅✅
aphasia condition that can manifest from injury to Wernicke's area (in temporal lobe) -
-receptive aphasia
CNS is composed of - ✅✅-brain/spinal cord
left hemisphere (keeps us safe) - ✅✅-speech/language
calculations
math
logical abilities
right hemisphere (makes us aware/creative) - ✅✅-visual imagery
face recognition
music
spatial abilities
white matter (CNS composition) - ✅✅-axons/dendrites (myelin sheath)
grey matter (CNS composition) - ✅✅-cell bodies (no myelin sheath)
spinal cord structure (white/grey matter) - ✅✅-white matter=outside
grey matter=inside
brain structure (white/grey matter( - ✅✅-grey matter=outside
white matter=inside
✅✅
substance in ventricles/spinal cord (continuous circulation)
brain cushion/transports hormones - -CSF (accessed via lumbar puncture)
NS that is responsible for how we move (ex: autonomic NS: fight/flight) - ✅✅-PNS
PNS: motor/sensory impulses between the central nervous system and the periphery (voluntary)
ANSWERS NEW VERSION LATEST
UPDATE 2024 - 2025 and more Exams in
Neurons need these 2 things to survive - ✅✅-Glucose
O2
Part of neuron that protects neuron from breakdown - ✅✅-Myelin sheath
categories of neurons - ✅✅-sensory
motor
interneurons
✅✅-afferent neurons (ex: touching hot stove,
known as Afferent neurons
carry impulses from periphery to the brain -
moving hand AWAY from stove)
✅✅-motor neurons (brain tells body to
known as efferent neurons
carry signals away from spinal cord/brain to body -
move)
✅✅-interneurons
most abundant type of neurons
transmits signals between afferent and efferent neurons -
difference in electrical charge between the inside/outside of the cell - ✅✅-membrane potention
✅✅
electrical event that travels along entire neuron and allows neurons to communicate -
-action potential (needed tot create movement)
3 components of action potential - ✅✅-resting membrane potential
depolarization phase
repolarization phase
what electrolyte is abundant intracellularly -✅✅-K+
what electrolyte is abundant extracellularly - ✅✅-Na+
more anions inside the cell
,no action potential - ✅✅-resting membrane potential
✅✅
+ charge inside the cell (more + ions inside the cell than outside the cell)
d/t rapid movement of Na+ into the cell - -depolarization phase
cell gets back to - state after depolarization is finishing - ✅✅-repolarization phase
processes of neuronal injury - ✅✅-chromatolysis
atrophy
neuronophagia
intraneuronal inclusions
swelling of the neuron d/t injury and example - ✅✅-chromatolysis (stroke)
decrease in the size of the cell and example - ✅✅-atrophy (normal aging)
phagocytosis/inflammation of neurons and example - ✅✅-neuronophagia (meningitis/MS)
distinctive structures formed in the nucleus or cytoplasm and example - ✅✅-intraneuronal
inclusions
(brain tumor/lesion from virus)
neuro developmental considerations in embryo - ✅✅-neural tube develops (defect: fails to
close/prevention: folic acid)
neuro developmental considerations in newborn - ✅✅-all needed neurons are present (for a
lifetime)
neuro developmental considerations in 2 yo - ✅✅
-brain is 80% of adult size (more learning
occurs/myelin is deposited on fibers/protects neurons)
developmental considerations in aging patients (normal brain in > 80 yo) - ✅✅-decrease in
number of neurons
enlargement of ventricle (more room for CSF/less room for brain tissue)
widening of sulci (grooves)
decreased brain volume/weight (d/t atrophy, allows for better chance of survival s/p stroke- room
for swelling)
sensory changes (decrease in hearing, vision, etc)
part of the brain that is NOT contralateral - ✅✅-cerebellum
part of brain that is contralateral - ✅✅-frontal
parietal
occipital
, temporal
part of brain: intellect/emotion/personality/Broca's area (speech production) - ✅✅-frontal
✅✅
aphasia condition that can manifest from injury to Broca's area (in frontal lobe) -
-expressive aphasia
part of brain: tactile sensation (pain, temp, touch) - ✅✅-parietal
part of brain: vision - ✅✅-occipital
part of brain: hearing, Wernicke's area (speech comprehension) - ✅✅-temporal
✅✅
aphasia condition that can manifest from injury to Wernicke's area (in temporal lobe) -
-receptive aphasia
CNS is composed of - ✅✅-brain/spinal cord
left hemisphere (keeps us safe) - ✅✅-speech/language
calculations
math
logical abilities
right hemisphere (makes us aware/creative) - ✅✅-visual imagery
face recognition
music
spatial abilities
white matter (CNS composition) - ✅✅-axons/dendrites (myelin sheath)
grey matter (CNS composition) - ✅✅-cell bodies (no myelin sheath)
spinal cord structure (white/grey matter) - ✅✅-white matter=outside
grey matter=inside
brain structure (white/grey matter( - ✅✅-grey matter=outside
white matter=inside
✅✅
substance in ventricles/spinal cord (continuous circulation)
brain cushion/transports hormones - -CSF (accessed via lumbar puncture)
NS that is responsible for how we move (ex: autonomic NS: fight/flight) - ✅✅-PNS
PNS: motor/sensory impulses between the central nervous system and the periphery (voluntary)
