NUR 2063 EXAM 2 2026 FUNDAMENTALS OF
NURSING COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW AND
STUDY GUIDE
◉ What are the causes of gastritis?
Answer: Ingestion of irritating substances such a alcohol, aspirin,
NSAIDS, viruses and bacteria
◉ What is GERD?
Answer: the back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus
through the lower esophageal sphincter. The inflammation occurs
from the reflex of highly acidic stomach acid that comes up.
◉ What are the causes of GERD?
Answer: Any condition or agent that alters closure of the lower
esophageal sphincter or increases in abdominal pressure, fatty food,
caffeine, large amounts of alcohol, smoking, pregnancy and
anatomical features like hiatal hernia
◉ What are complications of GERD?
Answer: Barrett's esophagus where columnar tissue replaces
normal squamous tissue in the distal esophagus that carries a high
risk for cancer. Progression can lead to ulcers and scarring.
,Esophageal strictures, pulmonary symptoms such as cough, asthma
and laryngitis from reflux in breathing passages.
◉ What are the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease?
Answer: epigastric burning pain that is usually relieved by food or
antacids (gastric ulcers present on empty stomach but can be after
food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food and is relieved by
food). Can also be life threatening as GI bleeding can occur without
warning and cause a drop in H/H and dark tarry stools and
hematemesis.
◉ What is the role of H.pylori in peptic ulcer disease?
Answer: promotes both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation and
thrives in acidic areas. It slows down ulcer healing and can reoccur
frequently, and taking it away can help ulcers heal.
◉ What is pseudomembranous colitis?(C.diff)
Answer: acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine. The
intestinal lining cannot absorb well.
◉ What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis?
Answer: clostridium difficile, exposure to long term antibiotics that
off set the e.coli and c.diff balance in intestine
,◉ What are the manifestations of pseudomembranous colitis?
Answer: foul smelling/bloody stool, abdominal pain, fever,
leukocytosis, sepsis, colonic perforation.
◉ How do we treat pseudomembranous colitis?
Answer: stop current antibiotics, treat ischemia and contributing
conditions, give oral antibiotics like metronidazole or vancomycin,
fecal transplant or colectomy if severe
◉ How do we prevent the spread of pseudomembranous colitis?
Answer: wearing appropriate PPE and washing hands with soap and
water only
◉ What are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis?
Answer: Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain, presence of a positive
McBurneys point with pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, RLQ
tenderness, systemic signs of infection
◉ How do we assess for appendicitis?
Answer: McBurney's point technique when pressing on the belly
button and RLQ hip region and removing the pressure causes
intense pain, indicates positive appendicitis
◉ What are the causes of bowel obstructions?
, Answer: previous surgery of the intestines with adhesions,
congenital abnormalities of the bowel, metastatic cancer of the
intestinal tract or female reproductive organs, accumulation of fluid,
gas, water and electrolytes in the bowel.
◉ What is a functional bowel obstruction?
Answer: a problem with the act of the bowel actually moving, such
as things that inhibit movement from surgery, medications, opioids,
low fiber diets that can slow motility or shut off the GI system from
the SNS stimulation.
◉ What is a mechanical bowel obstruction?
Answer: due to adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvus or
twisting of the intestines, intussusception
◉ What are the signs and symptoms of liver disease?
Answer: hepatocellular failure (jaundice, decreased clotting,
hypoalbuminemia, decreased vitamin D and K) and portal
hypertension (GI congestion due to blockage of blood, more
esophageal or gastric varies, hemorrhoids, enlarged spleen,)
◉ Explain what jaundice is?
Answer: green- yellow staining of tissues from increased level of
bilirubin as the liver cannot metabolize extra bilirubin
NURSING COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW AND
STUDY GUIDE
◉ What are the causes of gastritis?
Answer: Ingestion of irritating substances such a alcohol, aspirin,
NSAIDS, viruses and bacteria
◉ What is GERD?
Answer: the back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus
through the lower esophageal sphincter. The inflammation occurs
from the reflex of highly acidic stomach acid that comes up.
◉ What are the causes of GERD?
Answer: Any condition or agent that alters closure of the lower
esophageal sphincter or increases in abdominal pressure, fatty food,
caffeine, large amounts of alcohol, smoking, pregnancy and
anatomical features like hiatal hernia
◉ What are complications of GERD?
Answer: Barrett's esophagus where columnar tissue replaces
normal squamous tissue in the distal esophagus that carries a high
risk for cancer. Progression can lead to ulcers and scarring.
,Esophageal strictures, pulmonary symptoms such as cough, asthma
and laryngitis from reflux in breathing passages.
◉ What are the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease?
Answer: epigastric burning pain that is usually relieved by food or
antacids (gastric ulcers present on empty stomach but can be after
food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food and is relieved by
food). Can also be life threatening as GI bleeding can occur without
warning and cause a drop in H/H and dark tarry stools and
hematemesis.
◉ What is the role of H.pylori in peptic ulcer disease?
Answer: promotes both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation and
thrives in acidic areas. It slows down ulcer healing and can reoccur
frequently, and taking it away can help ulcers heal.
◉ What is pseudomembranous colitis?(C.diff)
Answer: acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine. The
intestinal lining cannot absorb well.
◉ What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis?
Answer: clostridium difficile, exposure to long term antibiotics that
off set the e.coli and c.diff balance in intestine
,◉ What are the manifestations of pseudomembranous colitis?
Answer: foul smelling/bloody stool, abdominal pain, fever,
leukocytosis, sepsis, colonic perforation.
◉ How do we treat pseudomembranous colitis?
Answer: stop current antibiotics, treat ischemia and contributing
conditions, give oral antibiotics like metronidazole or vancomycin,
fecal transplant or colectomy if severe
◉ How do we prevent the spread of pseudomembranous colitis?
Answer: wearing appropriate PPE and washing hands with soap and
water only
◉ What are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis?
Answer: Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain, presence of a positive
McBurneys point with pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, RLQ
tenderness, systemic signs of infection
◉ How do we assess for appendicitis?
Answer: McBurney's point technique when pressing on the belly
button and RLQ hip region and removing the pressure causes
intense pain, indicates positive appendicitis
◉ What are the causes of bowel obstructions?
, Answer: previous surgery of the intestines with adhesions,
congenital abnormalities of the bowel, metastatic cancer of the
intestinal tract or female reproductive organs, accumulation of fluid,
gas, water and electrolytes in the bowel.
◉ What is a functional bowel obstruction?
Answer: a problem with the act of the bowel actually moving, such
as things that inhibit movement from surgery, medications, opioids,
low fiber diets that can slow motility or shut off the GI system from
the SNS stimulation.
◉ What is a mechanical bowel obstruction?
Answer: due to adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvus or
twisting of the intestines, intussusception
◉ What are the signs and symptoms of liver disease?
Answer: hepatocellular failure (jaundice, decreased clotting,
hypoalbuminemia, decreased vitamin D and K) and portal
hypertension (GI congestion due to blockage of blood, more
esophageal or gastric varies, hemorrhoids, enlarged spleen,)
◉ Explain what jaundice is?
Answer: green- yellow staining of tissues from increased level of
bilirubin as the liver cannot metabolize extra bilirubin
