TEST BANK for Kuby Immunology with Covid-
M! M! M! M! M! M!
19 & Digital Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Jud
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
y Owen; Jenni Punt; Patricia Jones
M! M! M! M! M!
Complete Chapters 1- M! M!
21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation| All Figures Includ
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
ed| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
M! M! M!
, Chapter 01 M!
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
specific antibodies develop were the instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the tw
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
o differ? Which was ultimately shown to be CORRECT?
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an anti
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
gen, the cell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
receptor). The instructional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
selective theory was shown to be correct.
M! M! M! M! M! M!
2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explai
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
n how serendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
challenged groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—
M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
some of which were previously exposed to an attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the pre
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
viously exposed animals were protected from a new challenge, which led to the use of weakened
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
pathogens as vaccines. M! M!
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a po
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
tential bioterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
. As populations continued to grow over time, an ever-
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
increasing percentage of the human population remains unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible t
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
o the disease.
M! M!
4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the ris
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
ing incidence of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observ
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
e in the rate of autism once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, c
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
ases of autism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continu
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
ed use of vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention.
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
Antibiotic treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vacc
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
ines are a preventative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
measures.
,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
do I need the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
immunology, how would you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support yo
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
ur answer.
M!
CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year -
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
as a result, a new flu vaccine must be prepared each year based on a predication of the most co
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
mmon forms of the virus likely to be encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
against which they protect, and protection against one type does not guarantee protection against p
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
athogens that are closely-related.
M! M! M!
7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors durin
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
g the development of B cells.
M! M! M! M! M!
CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathog
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
ens as they evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
target host antigens.
M! M! M!
8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the bo
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
dy via circulation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
surveillance of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the huma
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
n body is constantly exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
Innate Immunity M!
Adaptive Immunit M!
y Is mediated by what cells?
M! M! M! M! M!
What do they recognize?
M! M! M!
How are the receptors encoded?
M! M! M! M!
Why can't they control all infections alone?
M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
What do they do in response to antigen?
M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
, CORRECT ANSWER: M!
Innate Immunity M!
Adaptive
M!
Immunit
y
Macrophages, NK c M! M!
Is mediated bM! T cells and M! M! M! M!
ells, neutrophils, ma M! M!
y what cells M! M! B cells M!
st cells eosinophils M! M!
?
What do the Pathogen patterns
M! M!
Specific M!
y recognize M!
epitope
M!
? s
How are the M! Rearranged
M!
receptors Germ line M!
gene segments M!
encoded?
Why can't they M! M! M
Pathogens evolve Takes too long M! M! M! M! M!
control all infec
! M! M!
escape mechanisms to develop M! M!
tions alone? M!
What do they do M! M!Produce antib M! M!
Engulf and destroy M! M!
in response to
M! M! odies, kill infe
M! M! M! M!
, induce inflammati M! M!
antigen? cted cells M!
on
10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of som
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
eone experiencing an inflammatory response.
M! M! M! M!
CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might ha
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
ve localized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering o
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
f blood pressure if more severe.
M! M! M! M! M!
11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recipi
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
ent be immune from future bites of the same species?
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
CORRECT ANSWER: In the short- M! M! M! M!
term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against the venom. In the long-
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity does not generate
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
long-lived memory cells.
M! M! M!
12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigens.
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
A B-
M! M!
cell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
inherited. The DNA that encodes for a mature B-
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
M! M! M! M! M! M!
19 & Digital Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Jud
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
y Owen; Jenni Punt; Patricia Jones
M! M! M! M! M!
Complete Chapters 1- M! M!
21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation| All Figures Includ
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
ed| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
M! M! M!
, Chapter 01 M!
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
specific antibodies develop were the instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the tw
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
o differ? Which was ultimately shown to be CORRECT?
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an anti
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
gen, the cell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
receptor). The instructional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
selective theory was shown to be correct.
M! M! M! M! M! M!
2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explai
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
n how serendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
challenged groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—
M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
some of which were previously exposed to an attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the pre
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
viously exposed animals were protected from a new challenge, which led to the use of weakened
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
pathogens as vaccines. M! M!
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a po
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
tential bioterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
. As populations continued to grow over time, an ever-
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
increasing percentage of the human population remains unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible t
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
o the disease.
M! M!
4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the ris
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
ing incidence of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observ
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
e in the rate of autism once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, c
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
ases of autism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continu
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
ed use of vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention.
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
Antibiotic treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vacc
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
ines are a preventative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
measures.
,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
do I need the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
immunology, how would you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support yo
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
ur answer.
M!
CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year -
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
as a result, a new flu vaccine must be prepared each year based on a predication of the most co
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
mmon forms of the virus likely to be encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
against which they protect, and protection against one type does not guarantee protection against p
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
athogens that are closely-related.
M! M! M!
7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors durin
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
g the development of B cells.
M! M! M! M! M!
CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathog
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
ens as they evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
target host antigens.
M! M! M!
8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the bo
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
dy via circulation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
surveillance of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the huma
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
n body is constantly exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
Innate Immunity M!
Adaptive Immunit M!
y Is mediated by what cells?
M! M! M! M! M!
What do they recognize?
M! M! M!
How are the receptors encoded?
M! M! M! M!
Why can't they control all infections alone?
M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
What do they do in response to antigen?
M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
, CORRECT ANSWER: M!
Innate Immunity M!
Adaptive
M!
Immunit
y
Macrophages, NK c M! M!
Is mediated bM! T cells and M! M! M! M!
ells, neutrophils, ma M! M!
y what cells M! M! B cells M!
st cells eosinophils M! M!
?
What do the Pathogen patterns
M! M!
Specific M!
y recognize M!
epitope
M!
? s
How are the M! Rearranged
M!
receptors Germ line M!
gene segments M!
encoded?
Why can't they M! M! M
Pathogens evolve Takes too long M! M! M! M! M!
control all infec
! M! M!
escape mechanisms to develop M! M!
tions alone? M!
What do they do M! M!Produce antib M! M!
Engulf and destroy M! M!
in response to
M! M! odies, kill infe
M! M! M! M!
, induce inflammati M! M!
antigen? cted cells M!
on
10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of som
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
eone experiencing an inflammatory response.
M! M! M! M!
CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might ha
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
ve localized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering o
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
f blood pressure if more severe.
M! M! M! M! M!
11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recipi
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
ent be immune from future bites of the same species?
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
CORRECT ANSWER: In the short- M! M! M! M!
term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against the venom. In the long-
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity does not generate
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
long-lived memory cells.
M! M! M!
12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigens.
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
A B-
M! M!
cell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
inherited. The DNA that encodes for a mature B-
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M! M!
