Essentials Of Pathophysiology View Ahead Exam Questions Full Solution Guide.pdf

ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY VIEW AHEAD EXAM QUESTIONS FULL SOLUTION
GUIDE




Question:
What things can cause hypercalemia?

Answer:
overactive parathyroid, excessive vitamin D, leukemia, (osteoclasts breaking down too much).



Question:
What are signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia/hypermagnesemia?

Answer:
diminished reflexes, headaches, confusion, lethargy, muscle weakness, kidney stones, cardiac
arrhythmias.



Question:
What is hypocalcemia?

Answer:
low calcium Ca<8.5



Question:
What are causes of hypocalcemia?

Answer:
vitamin D deficiency, burns, poor nutrition, alkalosis, underactive thyroid.



Question:

,What are signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia/ hypomagnesemia?

Answer:
increased muscle excitability, hyperactive reflexes, tingling in the muscles, tetany, positive
trousseau and chvostek signs, tremors.



Question:
What is hypermagnesemia?

Answer:
High Magnesium Mg> 2.5



Question:
What things can cause hypermagnesemia?

Answer:
renal failure, excessive laxative/ antacid use.



Question:
What is hypomagnesemia?

Answer:
Low magnesium Mg< 1.8



Question:
What things can cause hypo magnesemia?

Answer:
low intake, alcoholism, malnutrition, pregnancy, diarrhea, diuretics.



Question:
What is hyperphosphatemia?

, Answer:
High phosphates P>4.5



Question:
What things can cause hyperphosphatemia?

Answer:
renal failure, hypoparathyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, laxatives,



Question:
What is hypophosphatemia?

Answer:
Low phosphates P< 2.5



Question:
What things can cause hypophosphatemia?

Answer:
hyperparathyroidism, alkalosis,deficient intake, vitamin D deficiency, alcoholism, low dietary
intake.



Question:
What electrolyte balance do we see with a positive chovstek and trousseaus sign?

Answer:
Hypocalcemia



Question:
What is a positive trousseaus sign?

Answer: