COMPREHENSIVE TEST BANK BONTRAGER'S TEXTBOOK OF RADIOGRAPHIC
POSITIONING AND RELATED ANATOMY 11TH EDITION
LAMPIGNANO & KENDRICK
COMPLETE COVERAGE: CHAPTERS 1-20
EXPERT VERIFIED QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS AND RATIONALES
SECTION 1: TERMINOLOGY, POSITIONING, AND IMAGING PRINCIPLES
1. Which term refers to the arrangement of the body for radiographic imaging?
A. Projection
B. Position
C. Exposure
D. Density
Answer: B
Rationale: Position describes the general body arrangement or posture during
imaging. Projection refers to the path of the central ray. Exposure and density relate
to image quality factors.
2. The direction or path of the central ray of the x-ray beam defines which positioning
term?
A. Position
B. Projection
C. Orientation
D. Section
Answer: B
Rationale: Projection specifically describes the direction and path of the central ray
as it traverses the patient from entrance to exit point.
3. A patient is erect with their back to the IR. The left side of the body is turned 45
degrees toward the IR. What is this position?
A. Left anterior oblique (LAO)
B. Right posterior oblique (RPO)
C. Left posterior oblique (LPO)
D. Right anterior oblique (RAO)
Answer: C
Rationale: LPO indicates the patient is in a posterior oblique position with the left
, side closer to the IR. The term describes both the body orientation and which side is
against the IR.
4. The first general rule in diagnostic radiology suggests that a minimum of how many
projections be taken at how many degrees from each other?
A. 1 projection; 45 degrees
B. 2 projections; 90 degrees
C. 3 projections; 60 degrees
D. 2 projections; 180 degrees
Answer: B
Rationale: The fundamental rule requires at least two projections taken 90 degrees
apart to provide three-dimensional visualization of anatomical structures.
5. What type of tissue binds together and supports the various structures of the body?
A. Epithelial
B. Connective
C. Muscular
D. Nervous
Answer: B
Rationale: Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue type, serving to bind,
support, and protect organs. It includes bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and
adipose tissue.
6. How many separate bones are found in the adult human body?
A. 181
B. 215
C. 206
D. 236
Answer: C
Rationale: The adult human skeleton contains 206 bones. Children have
approximately 270 bones that fuse during growth. The skeleton divides into axial (80
bones) and appendicular (126 bones) divisions.
7. Which bone is part of the axial skeleton?
A. Radius
B. Hip bone
C. Clavicle
D. Sternum
Answer: D
Rationale: The axial skeleton comprises 80 bones including the skull, vertebral
, column, ribs, and sternum. The radius, hip bone, and clavicle are all part of the
appendicular skeleton.
8. How many bones are in the adult axial skeleton?
A. 206
B. 80
C. 54
D. 126
Answer: B
Rationale: The axial skeleton contains 80 bones: 22 in the skull, 26 in the vertebral
column, 25 in the rib cage and sternum, and 7 associated bones.
9. What is the dense fibrous membrane that covers bone?
A. Cancellous portion
B. Periosteum
C. Diploë
D. Medullary portion
Answer: B
Rationale: The periosteum is a dense, fibrous vascular membrane that covers bone
surfaces except at articular surfaces. It contains osteoblasts essential for bone
growth and repair.
10. The term caudal means toward the:
A. Head
B. Feet
C. Front
D. Back
Answer: B
Rationale: Caudal refers to a direction toward the feet or tail end of the body, while
cephalad or cranial refers to direction toward the head.
11. A patient is recumbent facing the IR. The right side of the body is turned 15 degrees
toward the IR. What is this position?
A. Left anterior oblique (LAO)
B. Right anterior oblique (RAO)
C. Left posterior oblique (LPO)
D. Right posterior oblique (RPO)
Answer: B
Rationale: RAO describes a recumbent patient facing the IR with the right side
angled toward the IR. The anterior indicates the patient is facing the IR.
, 12. What is the name of the position in which the body is turned 90 degrees from a true
AP or PA projection?
A. Oblique position
B. Lateral position
C. Decubitus position
D. Axial position
Answer: B
Rationale: A lateral position is obtained when the body is rotated 90 degrees from an
AP or PA orientation, placing the sagittal plane parallel to the IR.
13. Lying on the back facing upward describes which position?
A. Prone
B. Supine
C. Decubitus
D. Erect
Answer: B
Rationale: Supine refers to lying on the back with the face upward. Prone describes
lying face down. Decubitus describes lying down in any position.
14. Which system of the human body includes all ductless glands?
A. Endocrine
B. Integumentary
C. Muscular
D. Glandular
Answer: A
Rationale: The endocrine system consists of ductless glands that secrete hormones
directly into the bloodstream. These include the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and
other glands.
15. To have a lateral decubitus position or projection, what type of beam must be used?
A. Vertical beam
B. Horizontal beam
C. Angled beam
D. Divergent beam
Answer: B
Rationale: A lateral decubitus position requires a horizontal x-ray beam to
demonstrate air-fluid levels when the patient is lying on their side.
POSITIONING AND RELATED ANATOMY 11TH EDITION
LAMPIGNANO & KENDRICK
COMPLETE COVERAGE: CHAPTERS 1-20
EXPERT VERIFIED QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS AND RATIONALES
SECTION 1: TERMINOLOGY, POSITIONING, AND IMAGING PRINCIPLES
1. Which term refers to the arrangement of the body for radiographic imaging?
A. Projection
B. Position
C. Exposure
D. Density
Answer: B
Rationale: Position describes the general body arrangement or posture during
imaging. Projection refers to the path of the central ray. Exposure and density relate
to image quality factors.
2. The direction or path of the central ray of the x-ray beam defines which positioning
term?
A. Position
B. Projection
C. Orientation
D. Section
Answer: B
Rationale: Projection specifically describes the direction and path of the central ray
as it traverses the patient from entrance to exit point.
3. A patient is erect with their back to the IR. The left side of the body is turned 45
degrees toward the IR. What is this position?
A. Left anterior oblique (LAO)
B. Right posterior oblique (RPO)
C. Left posterior oblique (LPO)
D. Right anterior oblique (RAO)
Answer: C
Rationale: LPO indicates the patient is in a posterior oblique position with the left
, side closer to the IR. The term describes both the body orientation and which side is
against the IR.
4. The first general rule in diagnostic radiology suggests that a minimum of how many
projections be taken at how many degrees from each other?
A. 1 projection; 45 degrees
B. 2 projections; 90 degrees
C. 3 projections; 60 degrees
D. 2 projections; 180 degrees
Answer: B
Rationale: The fundamental rule requires at least two projections taken 90 degrees
apart to provide three-dimensional visualization of anatomical structures.
5. What type of tissue binds together and supports the various structures of the body?
A. Epithelial
B. Connective
C. Muscular
D. Nervous
Answer: B
Rationale: Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue type, serving to bind,
support, and protect organs. It includes bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and
adipose tissue.
6. How many separate bones are found in the adult human body?
A. 181
B. 215
C. 206
D. 236
Answer: C
Rationale: The adult human skeleton contains 206 bones. Children have
approximately 270 bones that fuse during growth. The skeleton divides into axial (80
bones) and appendicular (126 bones) divisions.
7. Which bone is part of the axial skeleton?
A. Radius
B. Hip bone
C. Clavicle
D. Sternum
Answer: D
Rationale: The axial skeleton comprises 80 bones including the skull, vertebral
, column, ribs, and sternum. The radius, hip bone, and clavicle are all part of the
appendicular skeleton.
8. How many bones are in the adult axial skeleton?
A. 206
B. 80
C. 54
D. 126
Answer: B
Rationale: The axial skeleton contains 80 bones: 22 in the skull, 26 in the vertebral
column, 25 in the rib cage and sternum, and 7 associated bones.
9. What is the dense fibrous membrane that covers bone?
A. Cancellous portion
B. Periosteum
C. Diploë
D. Medullary portion
Answer: B
Rationale: The periosteum is a dense, fibrous vascular membrane that covers bone
surfaces except at articular surfaces. It contains osteoblasts essential for bone
growth and repair.
10. The term caudal means toward the:
A. Head
B. Feet
C. Front
D. Back
Answer: B
Rationale: Caudal refers to a direction toward the feet or tail end of the body, while
cephalad or cranial refers to direction toward the head.
11. A patient is recumbent facing the IR. The right side of the body is turned 15 degrees
toward the IR. What is this position?
A. Left anterior oblique (LAO)
B. Right anterior oblique (RAO)
C. Left posterior oblique (LPO)
D. Right posterior oblique (RPO)
Answer: B
Rationale: RAO describes a recumbent patient facing the IR with the right side
angled toward the IR. The anterior indicates the patient is facing the IR.
, 12. What is the name of the position in which the body is turned 90 degrees from a true
AP or PA projection?
A. Oblique position
B. Lateral position
C. Decubitus position
D. Axial position
Answer: B
Rationale: A lateral position is obtained when the body is rotated 90 degrees from an
AP or PA orientation, placing the sagittal plane parallel to the IR.
13. Lying on the back facing upward describes which position?
A. Prone
B. Supine
C. Decubitus
D. Erect
Answer: B
Rationale: Supine refers to lying on the back with the face upward. Prone describes
lying face down. Decubitus describes lying down in any position.
14. Which system of the human body includes all ductless glands?
A. Endocrine
B. Integumentary
C. Muscular
D. Glandular
Answer: A
Rationale: The endocrine system consists of ductless glands that secrete hormones
directly into the bloodstream. These include the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and
other glands.
15. To have a lateral decubitus position or projection, what type of beam must be used?
A. Vertical beam
B. Horizontal beam
C. Angled beam
D. Divergent beam
Answer: B
Rationale: A lateral decubitus position requires a horizontal x-ray beam to
demonstrate air-fluid levels when the patient is lying on their side.
