. What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
a. Classical conditioning is learned from connections between stimuli and operant conditioning is
learned through reinforcement and consequences
b. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are the same thing
c. Operant conditioning is learned from connections between stimuli and classical conditioning is
learned through reinforcement and consequences
d. Classical conditioning is learned from punishment and operant conditioning is learned from
reinforcement
Classical conditioning is learned from connections between stimuli and operant conditioning is
learned through reinforcement and consequences
Classical conditioning pairs stimuli to elicit a reflex; operant conditioning uses reinforcement
and consequences to shape voluntary behavior.
2. What is an example of a negative reinforcement?
a. Going to see a movie with friends after finishing all of your homework
b. Giving your dog a treat for being good
c. Studying hard and getting a good grade
d. Putting your seatbelt on to stop the alarm
,Putting your seatbelt on to stop the alarm
Negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus (the alarm) to increase the likelihood of the
behavior (putting on the seatbelt).
3. Positive punishment adds a(n) ___________ consequence which ___________ probability
of behavior. Which answer correctly fills in the blanks?
a. desirable, increase
b. undesirable, decrease
c. undesirable, increase
d. desirable, decrease
undesirable, decrease
Positive punishment adds an aversive consequence, which decreases the probability that the
behavior will recur.
4. Which answer choice correctly describes sensory adaption?
a. There is a minimum amount of any given sensation that has to be present for us to notice it
b. Smallest difference in amount of stimulus that a specific sense can detect
c. If a stimulus is unchanging, we become desensitized to it
d. Organizing sensations into meaningful patterns
If a stimulus is unchanging, we become desensitized to it
Sensory adaptation occurs when repeated or constant stimulation leads to decreased sensitivity,
allowing us to ignore unchanging input.
5. Which part of the eye converts light into nerve impulses?
,a. Lens
b. Retina
c. Cornea
d. Pupil
Retina
The retina contains photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) that convert light energy into neural
signals sent to the brain via the optic nerve.
6. What is the elimination of a learned response by removal of the unconditioned stimulus
or reinforcement?
a. Acquisition
b. Discrimination
c. Generalization
d. Extinction
Extinction
Extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the
unconditioned stimulus, or when reinforcement is no longer provided for a previously reinforced
behavior.
7. What is the Arousal Theory?
a. People are motivated to behave in ways that produce a valued incentive
b. Gender differences in sexual activity, criticism and alternative explanations and gender
differences in male preferences
c. People are motivated to achieve and maintain an optimum level of bodily arousal
, d. An inner state that energizes and directs us and keeps us moving towards our goals
People are motivated to achieve and maintain an optimum level of bodily arousal
Arousal theory proposes that individuals seek an optimal level of physiological arousal, not too
high and not too low, to perform effectively.
8. Which of the following is NOT a condition under which social norms exert the greatest
influence?
a. Conditions are uncertain
b. Source is similar to us
c. Concerned about relationship with the source
d. Conditions are certain
Conditions are certain
Social norms exert the greatest influence when conditions are uncertain, not certain, because
people look to others for guidance in ambiguous situations.
9. When is it best to give a punishment?
a. Punishment is better to do right after the problem has occurred
b. Punishment is better to do a few hours after the problem has occurred
c. Punishment is better never to do after a problem has occurred
d. Punishment is better to do a long time after a problem has occurred
Punishment is better to do right after the problem has occurred
Immediate punishment is more effective than delayed punishment because the temporal
contiguity strengthens the association between the behavior and its consequence.
10. What is the difference between REM Sleep and Non-REM Sleep?
a. Classical conditioning is learned from connections between stimuli and operant conditioning is
learned through reinforcement and consequences
b. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are the same thing
c. Operant conditioning is learned from connections between stimuli and classical conditioning is
learned through reinforcement and consequences
d. Classical conditioning is learned from punishment and operant conditioning is learned from
reinforcement
Classical conditioning is learned from connections between stimuli and operant conditioning is
learned through reinforcement and consequences
Classical conditioning pairs stimuli to elicit a reflex; operant conditioning uses reinforcement
and consequences to shape voluntary behavior.
2. What is an example of a negative reinforcement?
a. Going to see a movie with friends after finishing all of your homework
b. Giving your dog a treat for being good
c. Studying hard and getting a good grade
d. Putting your seatbelt on to stop the alarm
,Putting your seatbelt on to stop the alarm
Negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus (the alarm) to increase the likelihood of the
behavior (putting on the seatbelt).
3. Positive punishment adds a(n) ___________ consequence which ___________ probability
of behavior. Which answer correctly fills in the blanks?
a. desirable, increase
b. undesirable, decrease
c. undesirable, increase
d. desirable, decrease
undesirable, decrease
Positive punishment adds an aversive consequence, which decreases the probability that the
behavior will recur.
4. Which answer choice correctly describes sensory adaption?
a. There is a minimum amount of any given sensation that has to be present for us to notice it
b. Smallest difference in amount of stimulus that a specific sense can detect
c. If a stimulus is unchanging, we become desensitized to it
d. Organizing sensations into meaningful patterns
If a stimulus is unchanging, we become desensitized to it
Sensory adaptation occurs when repeated or constant stimulation leads to decreased sensitivity,
allowing us to ignore unchanging input.
5. Which part of the eye converts light into nerve impulses?
,a. Lens
b. Retina
c. Cornea
d. Pupil
Retina
The retina contains photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) that convert light energy into neural
signals sent to the brain via the optic nerve.
6. What is the elimination of a learned response by removal of the unconditioned stimulus
or reinforcement?
a. Acquisition
b. Discrimination
c. Generalization
d. Extinction
Extinction
Extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the
unconditioned stimulus, or when reinforcement is no longer provided for a previously reinforced
behavior.
7. What is the Arousal Theory?
a. People are motivated to behave in ways that produce a valued incentive
b. Gender differences in sexual activity, criticism and alternative explanations and gender
differences in male preferences
c. People are motivated to achieve and maintain an optimum level of bodily arousal
, d. An inner state that energizes and directs us and keeps us moving towards our goals
People are motivated to achieve and maintain an optimum level of bodily arousal
Arousal theory proposes that individuals seek an optimal level of physiological arousal, not too
high and not too low, to perform effectively.
8. Which of the following is NOT a condition under which social norms exert the greatest
influence?
a. Conditions are uncertain
b. Source is similar to us
c. Concerned about relationship with the source
d. Conditions are certain
Conditions are certain
Social norms exert the greatest influence when conditions are uncertain, not certain, because
people look to others for guidance in ambiguous situations.
9. When is it best to give a punishment?
a. Punishment is better to do right after the problem has occurred
b. Punishment is better to do a few hours after the problem has occurred
c. Punishment is better never to do after a problem has occurred
d. Punishment is better to do a long time after a problem has occurred
Punishment is better to do right after the problem has occurred
Immediate punishment is more effective than delayed punishment because the temporal
contiguity strengthens the association between the behavior and its consequence.
10. What is the difference between REM Sleep and Non-REM Sleep?
