PHGY 215 - Module 5 (Cardiac
Physiology) Questions with All Correct
Answers.
What are the basic components of the circulatory system? - Answer The heart
Blood vessels
Blood
What are the functions of the circulatory system? - Answer Gas exchange, Nutrient delivery,
Waste and heat removal, Immunity and defense, Cell communication
What are the 2 circulation systems? - Answer Pulmonary: to lungs
Systemic: to the rest of the body
Why is the heart considered a double pump? - Answer The left and right sides divided by a
septum
What is the order of blood flow through the body? - Answer Oxygen rich blood is pumped
from the left ventricle into the aorta
The blood is then delivered to organs
At the tissues and organs oxygen and nutrients are removed from the blood and waste products
are added
The oxygen poor blood returns to the right atria
The blood is pumped into the right ventricle and then pumped in the pulmonary artery to the
lungs
Carbon dioxide is removed at the lungs and oxygen is added
Blood flows to the left atria
Why is blood flow is unidirectional? - Answer AV valves and semilunar valves prevent backflow
of blood
How do valves open and close? - Answer When the pressure is greater behind the valve it
opens
When the pressure is greater in front of the valve it closes (does not open in the other direction)
What are 2 Atrioventircular Valves? - Answer Tricuspid: between the Right atrium and
ventricle
, Bicuspid: between the left atrium and ventricle
What are the functions of AV valves? - Answer When the pressure is greater inside the atria
the valves open and blood flows into the ventricles
When the pressure is greater in the ventricles that valves close
Papillary muscles and chordae tendinae prevent everting
What are the 2 semilunar valves? - Answer Aortic and Pulmonary
What are the functions of the semilunar valves? - Answer Prevent backflow of blood into the
ventricles
What is regurgitation? - Answer Occurs when a valve doesn't close properly and there is back
flow of blood
This can lead to a decrease in blood leaving the heart (cardiac output), irregular heart rhythms,
and stress on the walls due to volume overload
What is stenosis? - Answer Occurs when there is a narrowing of the valve due to thickening or
inflammation of the valve
Inhibits blood flow and the heart has to pump with more force to maintain blood flow
What are some defining features if cardiac muscle? - Answer Striated, t tubules, lots of
mitochondria, not terminal cisternae. no triad, well defined length-tension relationship, gap
junctions connect them to spread excitation, innervated by the ANS, muscle fibers are
connected in a branching matter
What are intercalated discs? - Answer Specialized structures that contain desmosomes (hold
the cells together) and gap junctions (spread excitation)
How are cardiac muscles fibers arranged? - Answer In a spiral fashion and cause squeezing of
the heart that generates pressure in the chambers
What is the pericardial sac? - Answer Protects the hearts from the rest of the chest cavity due
to the heart being in constant motion. Lubricate the heart to reduce friction
What is the fibrous layer vs the serous layer? - Answer The fibrous layer anchors the heart to
the surrounding walls to keep it in place.
The serous layer (visceral and parietal) lubricate the heart to prevent friction
Physiology) Questions with All Correct
Answers.
What are the basic components of the circulatory system? - Answer The heart
Blood vessels
Blood
What are the functions of the circulatory system? - Answer Gas exchange, Nutrient delivery,
Waste and heat removal, Immunity and defense, Cell communication
What are the 2 circulation systems? - Answer Pulmonary: to lungs
Systemic: to the rest of the body
Why is the heart considered a double pump? - Answer The left and right sides divided by a
septum
What is the order of blood flow through the body? - Answer Oxygen rich blood is pumped
from the left ventricle into the aorta
The blood is then delivered to organs
At the tissues and organs oxygen and nutrients are removed from the blood and waste products
are added
The oxygen poor blood returns to the right atria
The blood is pumped into the right ventricle and then pumped in the pulmonary artery to the
lungs
Carbon dioxide is removed at the lungs and oxygen is added
Blood flows to the left atria
Why is blood flow is unidirectional? - Answer AV valves and semilunar valves prevent backflow
of blood
How do valves open and close? - Answer When the pressure is greater behind the valve it
opens
When the pressure is greater in front of the valve it closes (does not open in the other direction)
What are 2 Atrioventircular Valves? - Answer Tricuspid: between the Right atrium and
ventricle
, Bicuspid: between the left atrium and ventricle
What are the functions of AV valves? - Answer When the pressure is greater inside the atria
the valves open and blood flows into the ventricles
When the pressure is greater in the ventricles that valves close
Papillary muscles and chordae tendinae prevent everting
What are the 2 semilunar valves? - Answer Aortic and Pulmonary
What are the functions of the semilunar valves? - Answer Prevent backflow of blood into the
ventricles
What is regurgitation? - Answer Occurs when a valve doesn't close properly and there is back
flow of blood
This can lead to a decrease in blood leaving the heart (cardiac output), irregular heart rhythms,
and stress on the walls due to volume overload
What is stenosis? - Answer Occurs when there is a narrowing of the valve due to thickening or
inflammation of the valve
Inhibits blood flow and the heart has to pump with more force to maintain blood flow
What are some defining features if cardiac muscle? - Answer Striated, t tubules, lots of
mitochondria, not terminal cisternae. no triad, well defined length-tension relationship, gap
junctions connect them to spread excitation, innervated by the ANS, muscle fibers are
connected in a branching matter
What are intercalated discs? - Answer Specialized structures that contain desmosomes (hold
the cells together) and gap junctions (spread excitation)
How are cardiac muscles fibers arranged? - Answer In a spiral fashion and cause squeezing of
the heart that generates pressure in the chambers
What is the pericardial sac? - Answer Protects the hearts from the rest of the chest cavity due
to the heart being in constant motion. Lubricate the heart to reduce friction
What is the fibrous layer vs the serous layer? - Answer The fibrous layer anchors the heart to
the surrounding walls to keep it in place.
The serous layer (visceral and parietal) lubricate the heart to prevent friction
