NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology
midterm Practice Exam 2026| Most
Tested Questions Collection & Verified
Detailed Answers | Tutor Verified
Success Exam) Graded A+
Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Inflammation
1. Which cellular adaptation occurs when a tissue increases cell size
in response to increased workload?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in individual cell size,
commonly occurring when cells experience increased functional
demand.
2. Which process involves an increase in the number of cells within
a tissue?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
Rationale: Hyperplasia results from increased cell proliferation and
therefore increases the number of cells.
3. A patient with prolonged immobilization develops decreased
skeletal muscle mass. Which adaptation is occurring?
,A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Atrophy
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size and often organ or tissue
mass caused by reduced workload, nutrition, blood supply, or
hormonal stimulation.
4. Which cellular change involves replacement of one mature cell
type with another mature cell type?
A. Dysplasia
B. Necrosis
C. Metaplasia
D. Hypertrophy
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible adaptive substitution of one
differentiated cell type for another.
5. Which type of cellular death is characterized by cell shrinkage,
chromatin condensation, and formation of apoptotic bodies?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Autolysis
D. Ischemia
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death and generally occurs
without the extensive inflammatory response associated with
necrosis.
6. Which finding is most characteristic of necrosis?
A. Controlled cellular fragmentation
B. No inflammatory response
C. Cell membrane disruption
D. Normal cellular architecture
,Rationale: Necrosis involves loss of membrane integrity and leakage
of intracellular contents, often triggering inflammation.
7. A myocardial infarction causes death of cardiac muscle cells
because of prolonged ischemia. Which type of necrosis is most
typical?
A. Liquefactive
B. Caseous
C. Fat
D. Coagulative
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis commonly occurs after ischemic
injury to solid organs such as the heart and kidneys.
8. Liquefactive necrosis is particularly associated with which
condition?
A. Myocardial infarction
B. Renal infarction
C. Brain infarction
D. Skeletal muscle ischemia
Rationale: Ischemic injury to brain tissue characteristically results in
liquefactive necrosis.
9. Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production?
A. Lysosome
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Ribosome
D. Mitochondrion
Rationale: Mitochondria generate most cellular ATP through
oxidative phosphorylation.
10. A decrease in ATP production during cellular injury most
directly impairs which process?
, A. DNA transcription
B. Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase activity
C. Protein digestion
D. Calcium absorption from bone
Rationale: The sodium-potassium pump requires ATP to maintain
normal intracellular and extracellular ion gradients.
11. Failure of the Na⁺/K⁺ pump causes intracellular accumulation of
which substance?
A. Potassium
B. Calcium only
C. Sodium
D. Chloride only
Rationale: ATP depletion decreases sodium extrusion, causing
intracellular sodium and water accumulation and cellular swelling.
12. Which reactive oxygen species is generated during oxidative
stress?
A. Insulin
B. Albumin
C. Superoxide
D. Hemoglobin
Rationale: Superoxide is a reactive oxygen species that can contribute
to oxidative cellular injury.
13. Which antioxidant enzyme converts superoxide into hydrogen
peroxide?
A. Catalase
B. Superoxide dismutase
C. Amylase
D. Lipase
midterm Practice Exam 2026| Most
Tested Questions Collection & Verified
Detailed Answers | Tutor Verified
Success Exam) Graded A+
Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Inflammation
1. Which cellular adaptation occurs when a tissue increases cell size
in response to increased workload?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in individual cell size,
commonly occurring when cells experience increased functional
demand.
2. Which process involves an increase in the number of cells within
a tissue?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
Rationale: Hyperplasia results from increased cell proliferation and
therefore increases the number of cells.
3. A patient with prolonged immobilization develops decreased
skeletal muscle mass. Which adaptation is occurring?
,A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Atrophy
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size and often organ or tissue
mass caused by reduced workload, nutrition, blood supply, or
hormonal stimulation.
4. Which cellular change involves replacement of one mature cell
type with another mature cell type?
A. Dysplasia
B. Necrosis
C. Metaplasia
D. Hypertrophy
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible adaptive substitution of one
differentiated cell type for another.
5. Which type of cellular death is characterized by cell shrinkage,
chromatin condensation, and formation of apoptotic bodies?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Autolysis
D. Ischemia
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death and generally occurs
without the extensive inflammatory response associated with
necrosis.
6. Which finding is most characteristic of necrosis?
A. Controlled cellular fragmentation
B. No inflammatory response
C. Cell membrane disruption
D. Normal cellular architecture
,Rationale: Necrosis involves loss of membrane integrity and leakage
of intracellular contents, often triggering inflammation.
7. A myocardial infarction causes death of cardiac muscle cells
because of prolonged ischemia. Which type of necrosis is most
typical?
A. Liquefactive
B. Caseous
C. Fat
D. Coagulative
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis commonly occurs after ischemic
injury to solid organs such as the heart and kidneys.
8. Liquefactive necrosis is particularly associated with which
condition?
A. Myocardial infarction
B. Renal infarction
C. Brain infarction
D. Skeletal muscle ischemia
Rationale: Ischemic injury to brain tissue characteristically results in
liquefactive necrosis.
9. Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production?
A. Lysosome
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Ribosome
D. Mitochondrion
Rationale: Mitochondria generate most cellular ATP through
oxidative phosphorylation.
10. A decrease in ATP production during cellular injury most
directly impairs which process?
, A. DNA transcription
B. Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase activity
C. Protein digestion
D. Calcium absorption from bone
Rationale: The sodium-potassium pump requires ATP to maintain
normal intracellular and extracellular ion gradients.
11. Failure of the Na⁺/K⁺ pump causes intracellular accumulation of
which substance?
A. Potassium
B. Calcium only
C. Sodium
D. Chloride only
Rationale: ATP depletion decreases sodium extrusion, causing
intracellular sodium and water accumulation and cellular swelling.
12. Which reactive oxygen species is generated during oxidative
stress?
A. Insulin
B. Albumin
C. Superoxide
D. Hemoglobin
Rationale: Superoxide is a reactive oxygen species that can contribute
to oxidative cellular injury.
13. Which antioxidant enzyme converts superoxide into hydrogen
peroxide?
A. Catalase
B. Superoxide dismutase
C. Amylase
D. Lipase
