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Exam (elaborations)

NUR 521: Exam 1 Study Guide Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance with complete solution.

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NUR 521: Exam 1 Study Guide Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance with complete solutionNUR 521: Exam 1 Study Guide Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance with complete solution.NUR 521: Exam 1 Study Guide Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance with complete solution.NUR 521: Exam 1 Study Guide Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance with complete solution.NUR 521: Exam 1 Study Guide Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance with complete solution.NUR 521: Exam 1 Study Guide Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance with complete solution.NUR 521: Exam 1 Study Guide Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance with complete solution.

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NUR521:Exam1StudyGuide Fluid,Electrolyte, and
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cfcf cf




Acid-Base Balance with complete solution.
cf cf cf cf




Exam1StudyGuideNUR521 cf cf cf cf cf




(Chapters10,34,35,36,37) cf cf cf cf cf




Chapter10 (20 questions)
cf cf cf




1. Understandthespecial needs of theolderadult pertaining to fluid and electrolytes
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




a. Impact of waterloss including “insensible fluid loss” cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




i. Water makes up most of our bodies. An older adult’s water percentage (45%f cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




orwomenand55%formen)isabout 10%lessthanayoungadult. cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




ii. theyhavelessbodyreserve(meaningthatinterruptionswithbodyfluids are m cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




ore severe for the geriatric population & imbalances with fluids always affec cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




t electrolytes [less water means more electrolytes; less electrolytes means m
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




ore water] → thus interrupting homeostasis all together) cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




b. Organ function cf




i. Sodium and waterregulation becomeless efficient w/ aging cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




ii. Kidneys(lessabletoconcentrateurineandconserveH2OandNa),Renal blood cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




flow and glomerular filtration decline cf cf cf cf




iii. ThirstMechanism(hypothalamusisthethirstcenterinbrain)Perception of thi cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




rst decrease cf




c. Musclemass cf




i. skeletal muscleretainsthemostwater(menhavemoreskeletalmuscleso they c f cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




have a higher percentage than women [they hold more fat and adipose tissue do cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




es not retain much water]) cf cf cf cf




ii. Inthispopulation:Leanmusclemassisdecreased,andbodyfatis increa cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




sed.
d. Increasedrisks (e.g.dehydration) cf cf cf




i. (Risk factors for FVD)Those with a: self- cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




care deficit, confused, depressed,tubefed on bed rest, inextremelyh cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




ot weather, taking medications. cf cf cf




ii. Dehydration:can cause fever and further dehydration cf cf cf cf cf cf




iii. Functionalimpairments- cf




(arthritisorstroke)canimpairabilitytoaccess fluids
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




iv. Cognitive impairment- c f




interfereswithrecognitionofthirstandabilityto respond to it
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




v. Earlymanifestation for dehydration in older adult: changein mental status cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




2. Review thenatural compensatorymechanisms withinthebodyasitattemptstoshift fluids
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




to maintain homeostasis
cf cf




a. ADH-
i. releasedbytheposteriorpituitarygland,regulateswaterexcretionfrom the k cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




idneys. Increased response to stress such as nausea, pain, surgery anesthesi cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




a.Inhibitedamountbyalcoholandmedicationslikephenytoin and increased cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




blood volume and decreased osmolality. Pg 232 cf cf cf cf cf cf




b. Renin

, i.
angiotensin helps maintainintravascularfluid balanceand blood pressure. Ade cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




crease in blood flow or BP stimulates receptors to produce renin. Pg. 232 cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




c. Aldosterone
i. Aldosteronepromotes sodium and waterretention in thedistal nephronof the ki cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




dney, restoring blood volume. Pg 232 cf cf cf cf cf




d. Vitalsigns andphysical presentation cf cf cf cf




i. Whenbloodpressureandbloodvolumearelow→thebody’sheart rate will in cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




crease and vessels will constrict to compensate for the depressed BP/BV so i cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




t increases to put out the little blood available to distribute cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




3. Memorizetheinformationpertainingtoeachelectrolytepostedtoincludethe follo
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




wing: (all from the powerpoint)
cf cf cf cf




a. Possiblecauses of the deficit or excess (studythe slides) cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




b. Clinicalmanifestations(itisimportantthat yourecognizesignsandsymptomsa patien cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




t is having to correlate with disease and priority interventions)
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




c. Possibletreatment cf




d. Nursingresponsibilities and intervention cf cf cf




e. Expand your knowledge on specific foods that are high and low in each electrolyte so t cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




hat you may choose the correct items to teach your patient. For example:highphospho
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




ruscategoriesasidefromwhatislistedinthePowerPoint include protein-
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




rich foods such as meats, chicken, fish, nuts, beans and dairy products.
cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf cf




Electrolyte: Sodium N Hyponatremia <135
ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf Hypernatremia >145 ir
cf




ormal: 135-145
cf ir




Symptoms Poor skin turgor, Dry mucosa, Headache, D Thirst, Elevated temperature, Dry, swollen tongue, St
ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir


ecreased salivation, Decreased BP, Nause icky mucosa, Neuro symptoms, Restlessness, Wea cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir


a, Abdominal cramping, Neuro changes, kness, Seizures or coma
cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir


Muscle weakness cf ir




Causes adrenal insufficiency, water intoxication, v Excess water loss, Excess Na admin. Diabetes i
cf ir cf ir ir
cf cf ir ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir


omiting, diarrhea, sweating, diuretics nsipidus, Heat stroke, Hypertonic IV solution cf ir cf ir cf ir ir
cf ir
cf cf ir ir
cf ir
cf




Treatment Water restriction, Sodium replacement ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf Hypotonic solution (0.45 NaCl, D5w) ir
cf cf ir cf ir cf ir




Responsibilities/Inter v Monitor sodium, Assessment, prevent
ir
cf cf ir cf ir cf ir cf i Assess OTC sodium, Mental status, Prevention, Enco ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir


ention cerebral edema, Teach about effects of
r ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir urage fluids, H20 via tube feeding cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir


medication and manifestations cf ir cf ir




Foods Fresh, frozen or dried fruits: Berries, appl cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir Smoked, cured, salted, or canned meat, fish or poul cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir


es, bananas, pears, etc. Grains and beans:
ir
cf ir
cf cf ir ir
cf cf ir cf ir cf ir try including bacon, cold cuts, ham, frankfurters, sa
cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir


Dried beans, brown rice, farro, quinoa and cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir ir
cf ir
cf usage, sardines, caviar and anchovies. Frozen bread cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir ir
cf ir
cf




whole wheat pasta. Starchy vegetables: Pot ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir cf ir ed meats and dinners, such as burritos and pizza. Can
ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir


atoes, sweet potatoes, butternut squash and cf ir cf ir cf ir ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ned entrees, such as ravioli, spam and chili. Salted
cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir


parsnips. Fresh or ir
cf ir
cf nuts. Beans canned with salt added. cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir




2

, frozen meat and poultry: Chicken, turkey, ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir


beef or pork. cf ir cf ir




Electrolyte: Potassi cf ir Hypokalemia <3.5 ir
cf Hyperkalemia >5.3 ir
cf




um Normal: 3.5 -
ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf




5.3
ir
cf




Symptoms Fatigue , N/V / anorexia Dysrhythmias, ir ir
cf cf ir ir
cf cf ir
cf cf ir Cardiac changes, Dysrhythmias, Possible cardiac ar ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir


Muscle weakness, Leg cramps / paresthe cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir rest, Potential respiratory impairment, Muscle we
cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir


sia, Glucose intolerance, ↓ muscle streng
cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir akness, Paresthesia, Tremors, twitching, Anxiety, cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir


th, ↓ cardiac output, Polyuria / altered re
cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir GI manifestations
cf ir


nal function cf ir Treatment-
Monitor EKG, Kayexalate, IV sodium bicarbonate, ir
cf ir
cf cf ir ir
cf cf ir cf ir


IV calcium gluconate, Regular insulin, D50 (hype
cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir


rtonic), b -2 agonists, Limit dietary K+ cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir




Causes GI losses, Medications, Alterations of
cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir treatment related, Impaired renal fx, Hyperaldoster cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir


acid- onism, Tissue trauma, Acidosis ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf




base balance, Hyperaldosteronism, Poor
cf ir ir
cf cf ir c




fdietary intake
ir cf ir




Treatment Increase dietary K+, K+ replacement, D5 ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir Monitor EKG, Kayexalate, IV sodium bicarbonate, I ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir


W V calcium gluconate, Regular insulin, D50 (hypert
cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir


onic), b -2 agonists, Limit dietary K+ cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir




Responsibilities/Inter v Assessment, health history, physical,
ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir Assess serum K+, Monitor medication effects, Initia ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir


ention Monitor EKG, ABG’s, Dietary K+, ir
cf cf ir cf ir ir
cf cf i te dietary K+ restriction, Dietary teaching
ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf




Watch IV site r cf ir cf ir




Foods cherries, tangerine, lettuce, peppers, beef, e Dried fruits (raisins, apricots), Beans, lentils, Pota
ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir


gg, peanut butter, rice, tea, noodles
cf ir toes, Winter squash (acorn, butternut), Spinach, br cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir ir
cf




occoli, Beet greens, Avocado, Bananas, Cantaloupe, ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir i
cf




Oranges, orange juice, Coconut water, Tomatoes, D r ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir cf ir


airy and plant milks (soy, almond), Yogurt, Cashe cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir


ws, almonds, Chicken, Salmon cf ir cf ir cf ir




Electrolyte: Calcium ir
cf cf ir Hypocalemia <9 ir
cf Hyper
Normal: 9 - 11
cf ir cf ir cf ir




Symptoms Tetany (spasms), Circumoral numbness, P ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf H/A – cf ir


aresthesia, Hyperactive DTR’s, Troussea cf ir cf ir cf ir Anorexia, N/V, Dehydration, Constipation, Abdo
ir
cf cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir


u’s sign, Chvostek’s sign, Seizures, Res
cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir minal/bone pain, Excessive urination, Severe thirst, ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir cf ir


piratory symptoms, Dyspnea cf ir cf ir Confusion, impaired memory, slurred speech, leth cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir ir
cf




argy, acute psychotic behavior or coma ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf




3

, Causes Hypoparathyroidism, Malabsorption, Pan ir
cf ir
cf Malignancies, Hyperparathyroidism, Tumors, I cf ir cf ir cf ir


creatitis, Alkalosis, Massive transfusion cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir mmobilization, Thiazide diuretics, Vitamin A & ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir


of citrated blood, Renal failure, Medicati
cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir D intoxication, Lithium and theophylline toxicity
ir
cf cf ir ir
cf cf ir ir
cf




ons

Treatment Oral calcium, Vitamin D, Diet with
ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir Treat underlying cause, Volume expansion and salinir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir


calcium e diuresis, Phosphates, Bisphosphonates, Calcitoni
cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir


n

Responsibilities/Inter v Assessment, Teach weight bearing exe
ir
cf cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir Assessment (crisis has high mortality rate), e cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir


ention rcises, Education on meds and diet, IV ca ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir cf ir ncourage ambulation, Fluids 3- ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf




lcium administration, Observe airway ( cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir 4 liters/day, Provide fluids containing Na (unl
cf ir ir
cf cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir


r/t potential laryngospasm) cf ir cf ir ess contraindicated), Fiber (constipation)
cf ir cf ir cf ir




Foods Bok choy, Chicory, Collard greens, Corn, D Dairy products. Products like milk, yogurt, cheese, So
ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir


andelion greens, Kale ybeans, Dark Green, Leafy Vegetables, Figs, Flour
cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir


Tortillas, Canned Baked Beans cf ir cf ir cf ir




Electrolyte: Magnesi
cf ir Hypomagnesemia <1.8 ir
cf Hypermagnesemia >3 ir
cf




um Normal: 1.8 - 3
ir
cf ir
cf ir ir
cf cf




Symptoms Mood changes, Neuromuscular irritabil cf ir cf ir cf ir Flushing; NV, low BP, Diminished DTRs, Drowsi cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir


ity (seizures), Muscle weakness, Tremo
ir
cf cfir cf ir ir
cf ness, Muscle weakness, Depressed respirations, EK
cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir ir
cf




rs, EKG changes, Dysrhythmias, HTN, t
ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir cf ir G changes, Dysrhythmias, Coma / cardiac arrest
ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir ir
cf cf cf ir


achycardia, Positive Babinski, Chvoste cf ir cf ir cf ir


k and Trousseau
cf ir cf ir




Causes Alcoholism, GI losses, Enteral/parenteral f Renal failure, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Excessive MgS ir
cf ir
cf cf ir ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir


eeding deficient in Mg, Medications, Rapi O4 cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir


d administration of citrated blood, Diabeti
cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir


c ketoacidosis, Sepsis, Burns/hypothermia
cf ir cf ir cf ir




Treatment Diet, Oral Mg, MgSO4 IV ir
cf cf ir ir
cf cf ir IV calcium gluconate, Loop diuretics, IV NS or RL
ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir


, Hemodialysis (if renal patient)
cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir




Responsibilities/Inter v Assessment, Ensure safety, Pt teaching r/t di Assessment, Avoid MgS04 meds and/or compound
ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir


ention et, medications, ETOH, IV site care, Mon s, Pt teaching r/t OTC medications with MgSO4
cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir


itor/tx potential hypocalcemia cf ir cf ir




Foods fresh fruit and veggies, chicken cf ir ir
cf cf ir ir
cf greens, nuts, seeds, dry beans, whole grains, wheat ge ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf ir
cf cf ir


rm, wheat and oat bran. cf ir cf ir cf ir cf ir




Electrolyte: Hypophosphatemia < 2.5 ir
cf ir
cf Hyperphosphatemia >4.5 ir
cf




4

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