JOMC 486 EXAM 1 COMPREHENSIVE TEST
PAPER QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
●● Gestalt (Form/ Shape) theory:
Answer: Things are affected by where they are and by what surrounds
them .... So that things are better described as "more than the sum of
their parts". CONTEXT WAS VERY IMPORTANT IN PERCEPTION
●● Gestalt Law of Proximity:
Answer: Things which are closer together will be seen as belonging
together (The 6 columns - 3 groups of two columns photo)
●● Gestalt Law of SImilarity:
Answer: Things which share visual characteristics such as shape, size,
color, texture value or orientation will be seen as belonging together,
VISUAL VARIABLES (black and white groups grouped by rows)
●● Gestalt Law of Closure
Answer: We tend to see complete figures even when part of the
information is missing: (black and white panda photo)
●● Gestalt Law of Symmetry
,Answer: The whole of a figure is perceived rather than the individual
parts which make up the figure (Two squares stacked on top instead of
heart shape square)
●● Gestalt Law of Common Fate:
Answer: We tend to perceive elements moving in the same direction as
being more related than elements that are stationary or that move in
different directions
●● Change Blindness
Answer: PEOPLE EXPECT THE CHANGE People are surprisingly
poor at noticing large changes to objects and motion pictures when these
changes happen at the same time as a visual transient, such as an eye
movement or flash of a display.
●● Inattentional Blindness:
Answer: NOT EXPECTING THE CHANGE, Observers attending to a
particular object or event often fail to report the presence of an
unexpected and therefore unattended items
●● What is Eye Tracking:
Answer: Tracing where a person is looking, provided objective and
quantitative evidence of a users visual process, Helps to reveal what a
person is looking at
,●● Eye-Mind Hypothesis
Answer: States eye tracking helps explain what a person is looking at,
what they are attending to (what is grabbing their attention)
●● Video Based Eye Tracker:
Answer: Camera used to take video of the eye, Can be desktop -
mounted or head-mounted, most commonly used, Camera image
measures distinguishable properties (pupil shape, corneal reflection)
light source needed (infrared light), eye calibration needed to accurately
map
●● Fixations:
Answer: two parts (1. Time spent 2. location) spatially stable gazes
during which visual processing occurs. Denoted by dots (~100 - 300
msecs)
●● Saccades
Answer: Connects any two fixations, rapid eye movements between
successive fixations
●● Scanpath:
Answer: Sequence of fixations and saccades: dots and lines
●● Area of interest (AOI)
, Answer: regions of the display of which analysis is conducted, generally
defined by the experimenter.
●● CAUTION: Metrics might mean different things:
Answer: Long fixation duration - interest or uncertainty / confusion
●● Fixation Plot
Answer: fixations and saccades, sequence information
●● Heat Map:
Answer: Aggregated fixations, no sequence information, where attention
is spent for majority of time
●● Data vs. Information
Answer: Data - Raw #'s, raw values: Information: analysis of data and
raw numbers - useful to users
●● Data Availability
Answer: when user is given just data, considerable cognitive work
needed on part of operator, avoid providing random data to user
●● Observability
PAPER QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
●● Gestalt (Form/ Shape) theory:
Answer: Things are affected by where they are and by what surrounds
them .... So that things are better described as "more than the sum of
their parts". CONTEXT WAS VERY IMPORTANT IN PERCEPTION
●● Gestalt Law of Proximity:
Answer: Things which are closer together will be seen as belonging
together (The 6 columns - 3 groups of two columns photo)
●● Gestalt Law of SImilarity:
Answer: Things which share visual characteristics such as shape, size,
color, texture value or orientation will be seen as belonging together,
VISUAL VARIABLES (black and white groups grouped by rows)
●● Gestalt Law of Closure
Answer: We tend to see complete figures even when part of the
information is missing: (black and white panda photo)
●● Gestalt Law of Symmetry
,Answer: The whole of a figure is perceived rather than the individual
parts which make up the figure (Two squares stacked on top instead of
heart shape square)
●● Gestalt Law of Common Fate:
Answer: We tend to perceive elements moving in the same direction as
being more related than elements that are stationary or that move in
different directions
●● Change Blindness
Answer: PEOPLE EXPECT THE CHANGE People are surprisingly
poor at noticing large changes to objects and motion pictures when these
changes happen at the same time as a visual transient, such as an eye
movement or flash of a display.
●● Inattentional Blindness:
Answer: NOT EXPECTING THE CHANGE, Observers attending to a
particular object or event often fail to report the presence of an
unexpected and therefore unattended items
●● What is Eye Tracking:
Answer: Tracing where a person is looking, provided objective and
quantitative evidence of a users visual process, Helps to reveal what a
person is looking at
,●● Eye-Mind Hypothesis
Answer: States eye tracking helps explain what a person is looking at,
what they are attending to (what is grabbing their attention)
●● Video Based Eye Tracker:
Answer: Camera used to take video of the eye, Can be desktop -
mounted or head-mounted, most commonly used, Camera image
measures distinguishable properties (pupil shape, corneal reflection)
light source needed (infrared light), eye calibration needed to accurately
map
●● Fixations:
Answer: two parts (1. Time spent 2. location) spatially stable gazes
during which visual processing occurs. Denoted by dots (~100 - 300
msecs)
●● Saccades
Answer: Connects any two fixations, rapid eye movements between
successive fixations
●● Scanpath:
Answer: Sequence of fixations and saccades: dots and lines
●● Area of interest (AOI)
, Answer: regions of the display of which analysis is conducted, generally
defined by the experimenter.
●● CAUTION: Metrics might mean different things:
Answer: Long fixation duration - interest or uncertainty / confusion
●● Fixation Plot
Answer: fixations and saccades, sequence information
●● Heat Map:
Answer: Aggregated fixations, no sequence information, where attention
is spent for majority of time
●● Data vs. Information
Answer: Data - Raw #'s, raw values: Information: analysis of data and
raw numbers - useful to users
●● Data Availability
Answer: when user is given just data, considerable cognitive work
needed on part of operator, avoid providing random data to user
●● Observability
