ISYE 6644 OAN 2 SIMULATION ACTUAL
EXAM PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Encephalocele.
Answer: -refers to herniation or protrusion of various amounts of brain and
meninges through a defect in the skull, resulting in a sac-like
structure-occurs in 1st weeks of pregnancy-Usually midline skull ,
nasopharynx or eye orbit
◍ Viral Conjunctivitis.
Answer: -caused by adenovirus -Sx vary from mild to severe-Some strains
cause conjunctivitis and pharyngitis and others cause
keratoconjunctivitis-Contagious with watering of eyes, redness, and
photophobia
◍ CroupAcute CroupSpasmotic Croup.
Answer: most common cause of acute upper respiratory obstruction in
young children.-Caused by a virus-most commonly parainfluenza (other
viruses include influenza A, RSV, rhinovirus, adenovirus, measles,
Mycoplasma pneumonia)-highest incidence in late autumn and winter
(corresponding to RSV/flu season)-more common in boysHoarse voice,
barking cough, stridor, sudden onset, usually at night without viral
prodrome. Often resolves as quickly as it develops. Etiology unknown.
◍ Gas exchange in the lungs (transport).
Answer: The delivery of oxygen to the cells of the body and the removal of
CO2.
◍ Arousal.
Answer: -Is mediated by the reticular activating system (RAS)-Regulates
, aspects of attention and information processing and maintains
consciousness-Cognitive and cerebral functions require a functioning RAS
◍ Lateral rectus.
Answer: -Rotates eye away from midline-CNVI
◍ RAAS system.
Answer: Serve the pur-pose of stabilizing systemic blood pressure and
preserving the extracellular fluid volume during hypotension or
hypovolemia, including sodium reabsorption, potassium excretion, systemic
vasoconstriction, sympathetic nerve stimulation, thirst stimulation, and
drinking.
◍ Early Asthmatic ResponseLate Asthmatic Response.
Answer: Antigen exposure to bronchial mucosa activates dendritic cells to
present the antigen to CD4+ Tcells, which differentiate into Th2 cells. These
cells release numerous cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-8 & IL-13.Begins 4-6 hrs
after the early response. Chemotactic recruitment of lymphocytes,
eosinophils, and neutrophils during the acute response causes a latent release
of inflammatory mediator's again inciting bronchospasm, edema, and mucus
secretion with obstructive airflow.
◍ Empyemas(patho, etiology, prevention, clincial manifestations, treatment,
complications).
Answer: accumulation of pus in the pleural cavityThe presence of pus in the
pleural space. Thought to develop when the pulmonary lymphatics become
blocked leading to an outpouring of contaminated lymphatic fluid into the
pleural space.Staph aureus, E. coli, anaerobic bacteria, and Klebsiella
pneumoniae.
◍ Broca Area.
Answer: -Controlling motor aspects of speech-inferior edge of premotor area
on the inferior frontal gyrus-usually on left hemisphere
◍ Superior Rectus.
Answer: -Rotates eye upward and toward midline-CN III
,◍ Huntington Disease (Chorea).
Answer: -A rare hereditary irreversible disease involving the basal ganglia
and frontal cerebral cortex with a depletion of neurons that secrete GABA (
an inhibitory neurotransmitter) that causes involuntary, fragmentary
movements accompanied by emotional lability and progressive dementia.
◍ Carbon Dioxide.
Answer: Is more soluble in plasma than oxygen is and diffuses readily from
tissue cells in to plasma. CO2 returns to the lungs dissolved in plasma as
bicarbonate, or in carbamino compounds (e.g. bound to hemoglobin).Is
carried in the blood in three ways:1. Dissolved in plasma2. As bicarbonate3.
As carbamino compound
◍ Parkinson's Disease.
Answer: -Results in underactivity of the direct motor pathway (normally
facilitates movement) and overactivity of the indirect motor loop (normally
inhibits movement)
◍ Causes of hypoxemia (disease processes).
Answer: Right-to-left shunt, hypoventilation, low inspired O2 tension,
diffusion defect, V/Q mismatchResults from problems with Oxygen delivery
to the alveoli, Ventilation of alveoli, diffusion of oxygen fromthe alveoli
into the blood, or perfusion of pulmonary capillaries.Reduced oxygenation
of arterial blood (reduced PaO2), is caused by respiratory alterations.Is
caused by inadequate ventilation of well perfused areas of the lung is a
mismatch called shunting, and occurs in pulmonary edema when the alveoli
are filled with fluid a right to left shunt occurs resulting in decreased
systemic PaO2 and hypoxemia.
◍ pulmonary fibrosis(patho, etiology, prevention, clinical manifestations,
treatment, complications) (p1163).
Answer: formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungsAn
excessive amount of fibrous or connective tissue in the lung; can complicate
healing after active pulmonary disease, such as ARDS or TB.Results from
chronic inflammation, alveolar epithelialization, and myofibroblast
, proliferation-causes marked loss of lung compliance-lung becomes stiff and
difficult to ventilate and the diffusing capacity of the alveolocapillary
membrane may decrease, causing hypoxemia.Idiopathic: Chronic
inflammation and fibroproliferation of the interstitial lung tissue around the
alveoli.This causes decreased oxygen diffusion across the alveolocapillary
membrane and hypoxemia. As the disease progresses decreased lung
compliance leads to increased work of breathing, decreased tidal volume,
and resultant hypoventilation with hypercapnia.Occurs with no specific
cause for the development of fibrosis -the most common idiopathic
interstitial lung disorder.
◍ respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).
Answer: A respiratory disorder that affects premature infants born without
enough surfactant in the lungs. It is treated with respiratory support and
surfactant administration.(aka hyaline membrane disease HMD) -a major
cause of morbidity and mortality in premature newborns-the major
predisposing factor is prematurity because the immature lung is not well
structured for gas exchange and has not yet developed. Atelectasis resulting
in hypoxemia.Occurs within minutes of birth, PaO2 less than 50mmHg in
roomair, central cyanosis on roomair, need for O2 to maintain PaO2 greater
than 50mmHg, Diffuse- fine granular densities on x-ray, "ground glass"
appearance.
◍ How is O2 carried in the blood?.
Answer: Hemoglobin in RBCs
◍ Parkinson's Disease.
Answer: -Degenerative disorder of basal ganglia (corpus striatum, globus
Pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra)-loss of dopaminergic
pigmented neurons in the substantia nigra with dopaminergic defeciency of
the putamen -loss of dopamine also occurs in brainstem, thalamus, and
cortex
◍ N2.
Answer: -Further slowing of the EEG (4-7Hz) with the presence of sleep
EXAM PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Encephalocele.
Answer: -refers to herniation or protrusion of various amounts of brain and
meninges through a defect in the skull, resulting in a sac-like
structure-occurs in 1st weeks of pregnancy-Usually midline skull ,
nasopharynx or eye orbit
◍ Viral Conjunctivitis.
Answer: -caused by adenovirus -Sx vary from mild to severe-Some strains
cause conjunctivitis and pharyngitis and others cause
keratoconjunctivitis-Contagious with watering of eyes, redness, and
photophobia
◍ CroupAcute CroupSpasmotic Croup.
Answer: most common cause of acute upper respiratory obstruction in
young children.-Caused by a virus-most commonly parainfluenza (other
viruses include influenza A, RSV, rhinovirus, adenovirus, measles,
Mycoplasma pneumonia)-highest incidence in late autumn and winter
(corresponding to RSV/flu season)-more common in boysHoarse voice,
barking cough, stridor, sudden onset, usually at night without viral
prodrome. Often resolves as quickly as it develops. Etiology unknown.
◍ Gas exchange in the lungs (transport).
Answer: The delivery of oxygen to the cells of the body and the removal of
CO2.
◍ Arousal.
Answer: -Is mediated by the reticular activating system (RAS)-Regulates
, aspects of attention and information processing and maintains
consciousness-Cognitive and cerebral functions require a functioning RAS
◍ Lateral rectus.
Answer: -Rotates eye away from midline-CNVI
◍ RAAS system.
Answer: Serve the pur-pose of stabilizing systemic blood pressure and
preserving the extracellular fluid volume during hypotension or
hypovolemia, including sodium reabsorption, potassium excretion, systemic
vasoconstriction, sympathetic nerve stimulation, thirst stimulation, and
drinking.
◍ Early Asthmatic ResponseLate Asthmatic Response.
Answer: Antigen exposure to bronchial mucosa activates dendritic cells to
present the antigen to CD4+ Tcells, which differentiate into Th2 cells. These
cells release numerous cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-8 & IL-13.Begins 4-6 hrs
after the early response. Chemotactic recruitment of lymphocytes,
eosinophils, and neutrophils during the acute response causes a latent release
of inflammatory mediator's again inciting bronchospasm, edema, and mucus
secretion with obstructive airflow.
◍ Empyemas(patho, etiology, prevention, clincial manifestations, treatment,
complications).
Answer: accumulation of pus in the pleural cavityThe presence of pus in the
pleural space. Thought to develop when the pulmonary lymphatics become
blocked leading to an outpouring of contaminated lymphatic fluid into the
pleural space.Staph aureus, E. coli, anaerobic bacteria, and Klebsiella
pneumoniae.
◍ Broca Area.
Answer: -Controlling motor aspects of speech-inferior edge of premotor area
on the inferior frontal gyrus-usually on left hemisphere
◍ Superior Rectus.
Answer: -Rotates eye upward and toward midline-CN III
,◍ Huntington Disease (Chorea).
Answer: -A rare hereditary irreversible disease involving the basal ganglia
and frontal cerebral cortex with a depletion of neurons that secrete GABA (
an inhibitory neurotransmitter) that causes involuntary, fragmentary
movements accompanied by emotional lability and progressive dementia.
◍ Carbon Dioxide.
Answer: Is more soluble in plasma than oxygen is and diffuses readily from
tissue cells in to plasma. CO2 returns to the lungs dissolved in plasma as
bicarbonate, or in carbamino compounds (e.g. bound to hemoglobin).Is
carried in the blood in three ways:1. Dissolved in plasma2. As bicarbonate3.
As carbamino compound
◍ Parkinson's Disease.
Answer: -Results in underactivity of the direct motor pathway (normally
facilitates movement) and overactivity of the indirect motor loop (normally
inhibits movement)
◍ Causes of hypoxemia (disease processes).
Answer: Right-to-left shunt, hypoventilation, low inspired O2 tension,
diffusion defect, V/Q mismatchResults from problems with Oxygen delivery
to the alveoli, Ventilation of alveoli, diffusion of oxygen fromthe alveoli
into the blood, or perfusion of pulmonary capillaries.Reduced oxygenation
of arterial blood (reduced PaO2), is caused by respiratory alterations.Is
caused by inadequate ventilation of well perfused areas of the lung is a
mismatch called shunting, and occurs in pulmonary edema when the alveoli
are filled with fluid a right to left shunt occurs resulting in decreased
systemic PaO2 and hypoxemia.
◍ pulmonary fibrosis(patho, etiology, prevention, clinical manifestations,
treatment, complications) (p1163).
Answer: formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungsAn
excessive amount of fibrous or connective tissue in the lung; can complicate
healing after active pulmonary disease, such as ARDS or TB.Results from
chronic inflammation, alveolar epithelialization, and myofibroblast
, proliferation-causes marked loss of lung compliance-lung becomes stiff and
difficult to ventilate and the diffusing capacity of the alveolocapillary
membrane may decrease, causing hypoxemia.Idiopathic: Chronic
inflammation and fibroproliferation of the interstitial lung tissue around the
alveoli.This causes decreased oxygen diffusion across the alveolocapillary
membrane and hypoxemia. As the disease progresses decreased lung
compliance leads to increased work of breathing, decreased tidal volume,
and resultant hypoventilation with hypercapnia.Occurs with no specific
cause for the development of fibrosis -the most common idiopathic
interstitial lung disorder.
◍ respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).
Answer: A respiratory disorder that affects premature infants born without
enough surfactant in the lungs. It is treated with respiratory support and
surfactant administration.(aka hyaline membrane disease HMD) -a major
cause of morbidity and mortality in premature newborns-the major
predisposing factor is prematurity because the immature lung is not well
structured for gas exchange and has not yet developed. Atelectasis resulting
in hypoxemia.Occurs within minutes of birth, PaO2 less than 50mmHg in
roomair, central cyanosis on roomair, need for O2 to maintain PaO2 greater
than 50mmHg, Diffuse- fine granular densities on x-ray, "ground glass"
appearance.
◍ How is O2 carried in the blood?.
Answer: Hemoglobin in RBCs
◍ Parkinson's Disease.
Answer: -Degenerative disorder of basal ganglia (corpus striatum, globus
Pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra)-loss of dopaminergic
pigmented neurons in the substantia nigra with dopaminergic defeciency of
the putamen -loss of dopamine also occurs in brainstem, thalamus, and
cortex
◍ N2.
Answer: -Further slowing of the EEG (4-7Hz) with the presence of sleep
