Grand Canyon University BIO 210 Anatomy & Physiology I Final
Exam (pdf) | 2026/2027 | A&P I Q&A | Anatomy
1. Which of the following best describes the relationship between anatomy
and physiology?
A) Anatomy is the study of function; physiology is the study of structure
B) Anatomy is the study of structure and form; physiology is the study of
function
C) Anatomy and physiology are the same discipline
D) Anatomy is the study of cells; physiology is the study of organs
Correct Answer: Anatomy is the study of structure and form; physiology is
the study of function
Rationale: Anatomy focuses on the structure and form of body parts, while
physiology examines how those structures function. These disciplines are
closely related because structure often determines function. The correct
answer emphasizes this complementary relationship.
2. The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite
changes in the external environment is called:
A) Metabolism
B) Homeostasis
C) Anabolism
D) Catabolism
Correct Answer: Homeostasis
Rationale: Homeostasis is the process by which living organisms maintain a
stable internal condition. Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions in the
,body. Anabolism builds complex molecules, while catabolism breaks them
down.
3. In a negative feedback mechanism, the response:
A) Amplifies the original stimulus
B) Shuts off or reduces the original stimulus
C) Has no effect on the original stimulus
D) Creates a new stimulus
Correct Answer: Shuts off or reduces the original stimulus
Rationale: Negative feedback loops are the most common homeostatic
control mechanisms. They cause the variable to change in the opposite
direction of the initial change to return to its "ideal" state. Positive feedback
amplifies the stimulus.
4. What is the correct sequence of events in a negative feedback loop when
the body becomes too hot?
A) Receptor → Effector → Control Center
B) Effector → Receptor → Control Center
C) Receptor → Control Center → Effector
D) Control Center → Receptor → Effector
Correct Answer: Receptor → Control Center → Effector
Rationale: In a negative feedback loop, the receptor detects the stimulus
(e.g., temperature-sensitive cells in the skin and brain) and sends
information to the control center (e.g., the thermoregulatory center in the
brain), which then directs the effector (e.g., sweat glands) to produce a
response.
,5. Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback mechanism?
A) Regulation of body temperature
B) Blood sugar regulation
C) Blood clotting
D) Control of blood pressure
Correct Answer: Blood clotting
Rationale: Positive feedback amplifies the original stimulus. Blood clotting is
a classic example, as the initial clotting response triggers more clotting until
the wound is sealed. Thermoregulation and blood sugar regulation are
negative feedback mechanisms.
6. The four most common elements in the human body are:
A) Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
B) Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, calcium
C) Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, phosphorus
D) Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
Correct Answer: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Rationale: These four elements make up about 96% of the body's mass. They
are the primary building blocks of organic molecules such as carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
7. A solution with a pH lower than 7.0 is considered:
A) Neutral
, B) Basic
C) Acidic
D) Alkaline
Correct Answer: Acidic
Rationale: An acid has a pH lower than 7.0 and releases hydrogen ions (H⁺).
A base has a pH higher than 7.0 and contains more hydroxyl ions (OH⁻). A pH
of 7.0 is neutral.
8. Which type of chemical bond involves the sharing of electrons between
atoms?
A) Ionic bond
B) Hydrogen bond
C) Covalent bond
D) Van der Waals interaction
Correct Answer: Covalent bond
Rationale: Covalent bonds are formed when two atoms share one or more
pairs of electrons. Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons, while
hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between polar molecules.
9. Enzymes function as biological catalysts by:
A) Increasing the activation energy of a reaction
B) Decreasing the activation energy of a reaction
C) Being consumed in the reaction
D) Altering the chemical equilibrium
Exam (pdf) | 2026/2027 | A&P I Q&A | Anatomy
1. Which of the following best describes the relationship between anatomy
and physiology?
A) Anatomy is the study of function; physiology is the study of structure
B) Anatomy is the study of structure and form; physiology is the study of
function
C) Anatomy and physiology are the same discipline
D) Anatomy is the study of cells; physiology is the study of organs
Correct Answer: Anatomy is the study of structure and form; physiology is
the study of function
Rationale: Anatomy focuses on the structure and form of body parts, while
physiology examines how those structures function. These disciplines are
closely related because structure often determines function. The correct
answer emphasizes this complementary relationship.
2. The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite
changes in the external environment is called:
A) Metabolism
B) Homeostasis
C) Anabolism
D) Catabolism
Correct Answer: Homeostasis
Rationale: Homeostasis is the process by which living organisms maintain a
stable internal condition. Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions in the
,body. Anabolism builds complex molecules, while catabolism breaks them
down.
3. In a negative feedback mechanism, the response:
A) Amplifies the original stimulus
B) Shuts off or reduces the original stimulus
C) Has no effect on the original stimulus
D) Creates a new stimulus
Correct Answer: Shuts off or reduces the original stimulus
Rationale: Negative feedback loops are the most common homeostatic
control mechanisms. They cause the variable to change in the opposite
direction of the initial change to return to its "ideal" state. Positive feedback
amplifies the stimulus.
4. What is the correct sequence of events in a negative feedback loop when
the body becomes too hot?
A) Receptor → Effector → Control Center
B) Effector → Receptor → Control Center
C) Receptor → Control Center → Effector
D) Control Center → Receptor → Effector
Correct Answer: Receptor → Control Center → Effector
Rationale: In a negative feedback loop, the receptor detects the stimulus
(e.g., temperature-sensitive cells in the skin and brain) and sends
information to the control center (e.g., the thermoregulatory center in the
brain), which then directs the effector (e.g., sweat glands) to produce a
response.
,5. Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback mechanism?
A) Regulation of body temperature
B) Blood sugar regulation
C) Blood clotting
D) Control of blood pressure
Correct Answer: Blood clotting
Rationale: Positive feedback amplifies the original stimulus. Blood clotting is
a classic example, as the initial clotting response triggers more clotting until
the wound is sealed. Thermoregulation and blood sugar regulation are
negative feedback mechanisms.
6. The four most common elements in the human body are:
A) Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
B) Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, calcium
C) Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, phosphorus
D) Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
Correct Answer: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Rationale: These four elements make up about 96% of the body's mass. They
are the primary building blocks of organic molecules such as carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
7. A solution with a pH lower than 7.0 is considered:
A) Neutral
, B) Basic
C) Acidic
D) Alkaline
Correct Answer: Acidic
Rationale: An acid has a pH lower than 7.0 and releases hydrogen ions (H⁺).
A base has a pH higher than 7.0 and contains more hydroxyl ions (OH⁻). A pH
of 7.0 is neutral.
8. Which type of chemical bond involves the sharing of electrons between
atoms?
A) Ionic bond
B) Hydrogen bond
C) Covalent bond
D) Van der Waals interaction
Correct Answer: Covalent bond
Rationale: Covalent bonds are formed when two atoms share one or more
pairs of electrons. Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons, while
hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between polar molecules.
9. Enzymes function as biological catalysts by:
A) Increasing the activation energy of a reaction
B) Decreasing the activation energy of a reaction
C) Being consumed in the reaction
D) Altering the chemical equilibrium
