VME 4906 Test 2 2026/2027 | 150+ Questions & Answers | Equine Neurology, Lameness, Reproduction, Endocrinology & Colic

This VME 4906 Test 2 2026/2027 study guide contains 150+ exam questions, correct answers, definitions and clinical case applications across 24 pages. It provides comprehensive revision of equine neurology, musculoskeletal anatomy, lameness, gastrointestinal physiology, colic, reproductive physiology, parturition, stallion anatomy, endocrinology and equine metabolic disease. The material combines direct question-and-answer review with anatomical identification, diagnostic concepts and clinical scenarios, making it a broad resource for students preparing for VME 4906 Test 2. The equine nervous-system section reviews neuron structure, axonal signaling, peripheral nerves, cutaneous and mixed nerves, white and gray matter, spinal cord organization and the withdrawal reflex. Important clinical examples include the suprascapular nerve and sweeney, the infraorbital nerve, cranial nerve VII and the vagus nerve. Students also review sympathetic nervous-system activation and the effects of chronic pain, including changes in heart rate, gastrointestinal motility and healing. A substantial portion concentrates on equine musculoskeletal anatomy and lameness. Topics include the cannon bone, carpus, calcaneus, tuber calcanei, long pastern or first phalanx, coffin bone, superficial digital flexor muscle, suspensory ligament and navicular impar ligament. The document reviews lameness grading, conformation, active examinations, flexion tests, diagnostic analgesia and imaging techniques such as MRI and nuclear scintigraphy. Clinical disorders include laminitis, navicular syndrome, hock osteoarthritis, intermittent upward fixation of the patella, superficial digital flexor tendonitis and suspensory desmitis. The gastrointestinal material provides detailed coverage of equine digestive anatomy and colic. Students review the esophagus, squamous and glandular regions of the stomach, margo plicatus, small intestine, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ventral and dorsal colon, transverse colon, small colon and rectum. The guide distinguishes subtle, moderate and severe colic signs and discusses borborygmi, endoscopy, laparotomy, nasogastric reflux, rectal examination, ultrasonography and abdominocentesis. Two clinical cases reinforce recognition and management concepts involving small-intestinal non-strangulating disease and large-colon impaction. Another major section focuses on equine reproductive physiology and endocrinology. Students review ultrasonographic ovarian follicles, seasonal melatonin production, GnRH, FSH and LH, the pampiniform plexus, deferent duct and bulbospongiosus region. The endocrine material extends to paracrine signaling, peptide versus steroid hormones, the hypothalamus, hypophyseal portal system, ACTH, vasopressin, oxytocin, prolactin, calcitonin, T3, glucagon, somatostatin, glucocorticoids, androgens and mineralocorticoids. The mare-reproduction section covers estrus, diestrus, pregnancy, foaling and postpartum complications. Students review changes approaching parturition, colostrum, the three stages of parturition and the 1-2-3 rule for neonatal and placental milestones. Complications include retained fetal membranes, metritis, sepsis, red-bag emergencies, premature mammary development, twinning, abnormal placentas and uterine or ovarian vessel rupture. A postpartum mare case integrates abdominal pain, tachycardia, tachypnea, pale mucous membranes and cold extremities with reproductive emergency assessment. Stallion material includes testicular descent, the gubernaculum, epididymis, scrotal and inguinal herniation, scrotal enlargement and accessory sex glands. The guide reviews the bulbourethral, prostate and vesicular glands and ampullae, together with their contributions to semen. Conditions such as plugged ampullae and seminal vesiculitis are also included, giving students coverage of both normal male reproductive anatomy and selected reproductive disorders. The final endocrine and metabolic topics include insulin, glucose regulation and equine metabolic disease, particularly the association between insulin resistance, obesity and recurrent laminitis. The material also discusses diagnostic testing and management concepts involving body-weight reduction, exercise and dietary carbohydrate control. Together with the neurology, lameness, gastrointestinal and reproduction sections, these topics make the document a comprehensive Test 2 revision resource rather than a single-topic question bank. Relevant students: This document is particularly relevant for VME 4906 students, veterinary medicine students, pre-veterinary students, equine science students, animal science students, veterinary technology students and learners studying equine anatomy, physiology and medicine. It is especially useful for Test 2 preparation covering equine neurology, peripheral nerves, musculoskeletal anatomy, lameness diagnosis, navicular syndrome, osteoarthritis, tendon and ligament disorders, gastrointestinal anatomy, colic, reproductive physiology, foaling, stallion reproduction, hormones and equine metabolic disease. The uploaded document identifies VME 4906 as the course code but does not state a university, so University Not Specified is used rather than inventing an affiliation. 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