BLUEPRINT EXAM SCRIPT UPDATED
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
EXPERT REVIEWED
●● The human frequency range is from 20 Hz to 20 kHz, where 8-20
kHz is high frequency. Ultrasound frequencies must be greater than
which minimum threshold?
Answer: 20 kHz
Ultrasound is defined as sound with a frequency above the human range
of hearing ("ultra" = "above"). The human range of hearing is 20 Hz to
20 kHz, where high frequencies are 8-20 kHz, so the minimum threshold
for ultrasound is 20 kHz.
●● Conversion of pyruvate into glucose requires PEPCK, an enzyme
present in:
A.the interstitial fluid only.
B.the mitochondria only.
C.the cytosol only.
D. both the mitochondria and the cytosol.
,Answer: D. both the mitochondria and the cytosol.
Pyruvate → oxaloacetate = mitochondria only (pyruvate carboxylase)
Oxaloacetate → phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) = PEPCK, which has two
isoforms:
mitochondrial PEPCK
cytosolic PEPCK
Conversion of pyruvate to glucose requires its initial conversion into
oxaloacetate, in a reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase in the
mitochondria. Oxaloacetate (OAA) is then decarboxylated and
phosphorylated by cytosolic or mitochondrial forms of
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). After transport of either
OAA in the form of malate or PEP directly from the mitochondria, the
remainder of gluconeogenesis takes place in the cytosol.
●● In comparison to piperazine, the inductive effect should cause the
pKb of methyl-piperazine to be:
A.lower, because of electron donation by the methyl substituent.
B.lower, because of electron withdrawal by the methyl substituent.
C.higher, because of electron donation by the methyl substituent.
, D.higher, because of electron withdrawal by the methyl substituent.
Answer: A.lower, because of electron donation by the methyl
substituent.
*think like pH and pOH (lower pOH is MORE basic)
The pKb is a measure of basicity, where a smaller pKb value
corresponds to a stronger base. Methyl-piperazine is a stronger base than
piperazine because of the inductive effect generated by the electron-
donating N-methyl group of methyl-piperazine. This effect increases the
availability of electron charge density available to donate, thereby
increasing the strength of N-methyl piperazine to act as a Lewis base.
●● Which of the following compounds is an amphiprotic species?
A.Acetic acid, HC2H3O2
B.Sodium acetate, NaC2H3O2
C.Sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3
D.Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3
Answer: C.Sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3
An amphiprotic species is one that can act as an acid or a base. Sodium
bicarbonate dissolves in aqueous solution to produce a strong base
(NaOH), which completely dissociates, and carbonic acid, a weak acid.
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
EXPERT REVIEWED
●● The human frequency range is from 20 Hz to 20 kHz, where 8-20
kHz is high frequency. Ultrasound frequencies must be greater than
which minimum threshold?
Answer: 20 kHz
Ultrasound is defined as sound with a frequency above the human range
of hearing ("ultra" = "above"). The human range of hearing is 20 Hz to
20 kHz, where high frequencies are 8-20 kHz, so the minimum threshold
for ultrasound is 20 kHz.
●● Conversion of pyruvate into glucose requires PEPCK, an enzyme
present in:
A.the interstitial fluid only.
B.the mitochondria only.
C.the cytosol only.
D. both the mitochondria and the cytosol.
,Answer: D. both the mitochondria and the cytosol.
Pyruvate → oxaloacetate = mitochondria only (pyruvate carboxylase)
Oxaloacetate → phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) = PEPCK, which has two
isoforms:
mitochondrial PEPCK
cytosolic PEPCK
Conversion of pyruvate to glucose requires its initial conversion into
oxaloacetate, in a reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase in the
mitochondria. Oxaloacetate (OAA) is then decarboxylated and
phosphorylated by cytosolic or mitochondrial forms of
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). After transport of either
OAA in the form of malate or PEP directly from the mitochondria, the
remainder of gluconeogenesis takes place in the cytosol.
●● In comparison to piperazine, the inductive effect should cause the
pKb of methyl-piperazine to be:
A.lower, because of electron donation by the methyl substituent.
B.lower, because of electron withdrawal by the methyl substituent.
C.higher, because of electron donation by the methyl substituent.
, D.higher, because of electron withdrawal by the methyl substituent.
Answer: A.lower, because of electron donation by the methyl
substituent.
*think like pH and pOH (lower pOH is MORE basic)
The pKb is a measure of basicity, where a smaller pKb value
corresponds to a stronger base. Methyl-piperazine is a stronger base than
piperazine because of the inductive effect generated by the electron-
donating N-methyl group of methyl-piperazine. This effect increases the
availability of electron charge density available to donate, thereby
increasing the strength of N-methyl piperazine to act as a Lewis base.
●● Which of the following compounds is an amphiprotic species?
A.Acetic acid, HC2H3O2
B.Sodium acetate, NaC2H3O2
C.Sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3
D.Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3
Answer: C.Sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3
An amphiprotic species is one that can act as an acid or a base. Sodium
bicarbonate dissolves in aqueous solution to produce a strong base
(NaOH), which completely dissociates, and carbonic acid, a weak acid.
