Comprehensive Biology & Ecology Study Guide 2026/2027 | Cell, DNA, Photosynthesis, Evolution & Climate Impact
What is renewable energy? Natural energy that does not have a limited supply
and can be used repeatedly.
Name the 5 main types of renewable Biomass, Wind, Geothermal, Solar, Hydropower.
energy.
What are fossil fuels? Energy resources that are not replaced or are
replaced very slowly by natural processes.
List the types of fossil fuels. Coal, Oil, Nuclear, Natural Gas.
What is cell specialization? The process by which cells develop into distinct types
with specific functions.
What are specialized cells? Cells that perform specific functions, such as neurons
(signal transmission) and muscle cells (movement).
What is differentiation in cells? The process by which stem cells develop into
specialized cells influenced by genetic and
environmental factors.
How does homeostasis maintain By regulating internal conditions despite external
stability? changes.
What role does the nervous system It provides rapid responses to changes in the
play in homeostasis? environment.
What is the function of feedback loops They regulate physiological processes, such as
in homeostasis? insulin and glucagon in blood glucose levels.
What is passive transport? Movement of substances across cell membranes
without the use of energy.
, Comprehensive Biology & Ecology Study Guide 2026/2027 | Cell, DNA, Photosynthesis, Evolution & Climate Impact
What is active transport? Movement of substances against their concentration
gradient, requiring energy (ATP).
What is photosynthesis? The process by which plants convert light energy into
chemical energy.
What is the overall equation for 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
photosynthesis?
What are the key stages of Light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle.
photosynthesis?
What is cellular respiration? The process of converting glucose into ATP, the
energy currency of cells.
What is the equation for cellular C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP.
respiration?
What are the stages of cellular Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.
respiration?
What is DNA? Deoxyribonucleic acid, the hereditary material
composed of nucleotides.
What is the structure of DNA? A double helix composed of nucleotides (adenine,
thymine, cytosine, guanine).
What is protein synthesis? The process involving transcription (DNA to mRNA)
and translation (mRNA to protein).
What is natural selection? The process by which organisms better adapted to
their environment tend to survive and reproduce.
What is renewable energy? Natural energy that does not have a limited supply
and can be used repeatedly.
Name the 5 main types of renewable Biomass, Wind, Geothermal, Solar, Hydropower.
energy.
What are fossil fuels? Energy resources that are not replaced or are
replaced very slowly by natural processes.
List the types of fossil fuels. Coal, Oil, Nuclear, Natural Gas.
What is cell specialization? The process by which cells develop into distinct types
with specific functions.
What are specialized cells? Cells that perform specific functions, such as neurons
(signal transmission) and muscle cells (movement).
What is differentiation in cells? The process by which stem cells develop into
specialized cells influenced by genetic and
environmental factors.
How does homeostasis maintain By regulating internal conditions despite external
stability? changes.
What role does the nervous system It provides rapid responses to changes in the
play in homeostasis? environment.
What is the function of feedback loops They regulate physiological processes, such as
in homeostasis? insulin and glucagon in blood glucose levels.
What is passive transport? Movement of substances across cell membranes
without the use of energy.
, Comprehensive Biology & Ecology Study Guide 2026/2027 | Cell, DNA, Photosynthesis, Evolution & Climate Impact
What is active transport? Movement of substances against their concentration
gradient, requiring energy (ATP).
What is photosynthesis? The process by which plants convert light energy into
chemical energy.
What is the overall equation for 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
photosynthesis?
What are the key stages of Light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle.
photosynthesis?
What is cellular respiration? The process of converting glucose into ATP, the
energy currency of cells.
What is the equation for cellular C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP.
respiration?
What are the stages of cellular Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.
respiration?
What is DNA? Deoxyribonucleic acid, the hereditary material
composed of nucleotides.
What is the structure of DNA? A double helix composed of nucleotides (adenine,
thymine, cytosine, guanine).
What is protein synthesis? The process involving transcription (DNA to mRNA)
and translation (mRNA to protein).
What is natural selection? The process by which organisms better adapted to
their environment tend to survive and reproduce.
