FCCN Level 1 [2026/2027] | UPDATED ACTUAL
Exam Question and Answer | Ultimate Exam Prep
• ADH (antidiuretic hormone) -✓✓ - water retainer
- vasoconstrictor (also called Vasopressin)
- produced by hypothalamus
- store and released from posterior pituitary
• ADH pathway -✓✓ - hypothalamus senses low blood volumed and increased serum
osmolality
- signal pituitary to release ADH
- ADH causes kidney to retain water
- water retention increases blood volume and decreases serum osmolality
• ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) -✓✓ - cardiac hormone stored in atria
- released when atrial pressure increases
*works opposite of RAAS by decreasing BP and reducing intravascular volume
- important diagnostic marker in CHF
• hydrostatic pressure -✓✓ - forces fluids and solutes through the capillary wall and into
the tissue spaces
• colloid osmotic pressure -✓✓ - pulling force of albumin in the intravascular spaces
- pull fluid into vasculature
• maintenance fluid therapy -✓✓ - replaces normal ongoing losses of water and
electrolytes (urine, sweat, respiration, stool)
• replacement therapy -✓✓ - corrects any existing water and or electrolyte deficits
• isotonic fluids -✓✓ - tonicity equal to plasma in the body
- no fluid shifts because the solutions are equally concentrated
- LR
- NS
- D5W
• hypotonic fluids -✓✓ - lower concentration of solutes in the vasculature than in the cell
, - fluid shifts into the cell to dilute the electrolytes (CELL SWELLS)
- 0.45NS
• hypertonic fluid -✓✓ - higher concentration of solutes in the vasculature than in the cell
- pulls fluid out of cells and into the vessels (CELL SHRINKS)
- D5 .45NS
- D5NS
- D5LR
- 3%, 7%, 23.4% NaCl
• colloids -✓✓ - pull fluid into bloodstream
Albumin
- 5% is osmotically equal to plasma
- 25% draws 4 times the normal volume into the circulation
• blood -✓✓ - not a risk free fluid replacement
- this is liquid transplant
• third spacing -✓✓ - fluid is not lost from the body but the fluid is not available for use in
the intracellular or extracellular compartments (fluid is in between tissues/cells)
- this patient is intravascularly dry and still needs more fluid
-
• can you give platelets through the ranger -✓✓ - no it will aggreggate the platelets
• hyponatremia -✓✓ - less than 135 -145
- weakness
- abdominal cramping/leg cramps
- dizzy
- change in LOC
- seizures
• different ways to treat hyponatremia -✓✓ - hypovolemic (give IV fluid)
- euvolemic (fluid restriction)
- hypervolemic (diuretic)
• severe hyponatremia -✓✓ - EMERGENCY
Exam Question and Answer | Ultimate Exam Prep
• ADH (antidiuretic hormone) -✓✓ - water retainer
- vasoconstrictor (also called Vasopressin)
- produced by hypothalamus
- store and released from posterior pituitary
• ADH pathway -✓✓ - hypothalamus senses low blood volumed and increased serum
osmolality
- signal pituitary to release ADH
- ADH causes kidney to retain water
- water retention increases blood volume and decreases serum osmolality
• ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) -✓✓ - cardiac hormone stored in atria
- released when atrial pressure increases
*works opposite of RAAS by decreasing BP and reducing intravascular volume
- important diagnostic marker in CHF
• hydrostatic pressure -✓✓ - forces fluids and solutes through the capillary wall and into
the tissue spaces
• colloid osmotic pressure -✓✓ - pulling force of albumin in the intravascular spaces
- pull fluid into vasculature
• maintenance fluid therapy -✓✓ - replaces normal ongoing losses of water and
electrolytes (urine, sweat, respiration, stool)
• replacement therapy -✓✓ - corrects any existing water and or electrolyte deficits
• isotonic fluids -✓✓ - tonicity equal to plasma in the body
- no fluid shifts because the solutions are equally concentrated
- LR
- NS
- D5W
• hypotonic fluids -✓✓ - lower concentration of solutes in the vasculature than in the cell
, - fluid shifts into the cell to dilute the electrolytes (CELL SWELLS)
- 0.45NS
• hypertonic fluid -✓✓ - higher concentration of solutes in the vasculature than in the cell
- pulls fluid out of cells and into the vessels (CELL SHRINKS)
- D5 .45NS
- D5NS
- D5LR
- 3%, 7%, 23.4% NaCl
• colloids -✓✓ - pull fluid into bloodstream
Albumin
- 5% is osmotically equal to plasma
- 25% draws 4 times the normal volume into the circulation
• blood -✓✓ - not a risk free fluid replacement
- this is liquid transplant
• third spacing -✓✓ - fluid is not lost from the body but the fluid is not available for use in
the intracellular or extracellular compartments (fluid is in between tissues/cells)
- this patient is intravascularly dry and still needs more fluid
-
• can you give platelets through the ranger -✓✓ - no it will aggreggate the platelets
• hyponatremia -✓✓ - less than 135 -145
- weakness
- abdominal cramping/leg cramps
- dizzy
- change in LOC
- seizures
• different ways to treat hyponatremia -✓✓ - hypovolemic (give IV fluid)
- euvolemic (fluid restriction)
- hypervolemic (diuretic)
• severe hyponatremia -✓✓ - EMERGENCY
