COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE INSTRUCTOR EXAM ACTUAL TEST PAPER QUESTIONS
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A PLUS
Cognitive Neuroscience Instructor EXAM TEST
BANK FOR Gazzaniga Questions and Answers
Verified Solutions Latest Update 2026/2027
Question:
the output of the neuron ©Synapse.
Answer:
where two neurons come into close contact so that chemical or electrical signals can be passed from
one cell to the next ©Axon collaterals. Answer:Branch of axon that can transmit signals to more
than one cell ©Myelin. Answer:fatty substance that axons are wrapped in layers of ©Presynaptic.
Answer:when a neuron's axon makes a connection onto other neurons ©Postsynaptic. Answer:when
other neurons make a connection onto a neuron's dendrites ©Neuronal Signaling. Answer:when
neurons receive, evaluate, and transmit information ©ion channels. Answer:are proteins with a pore
through their centers that allow certain ions to flow down their concentration gradients ©ion pumps.
Answer:use energy to actively transport ions across the membrane against their concentration
gradients- from one region of low concentration to regions of higher concentration ©permeability.
Answer:the extent to which a particular ion can cross the membrane through a given ion channel
©electrical gradient. Answer:A force that develops when a charge distribution across the neuronal
membrane develops such that the charge inside is more positive or negative than the one outside.
Electrical gradients result from asymmetrical distributions of ions across the membrane.
©electrotonic conduction. Answer: ©Glial cells functions:. Answer:providing structural support and
electrical insulation to neurons and modulating neuronal activity ©We have equal amounts of.
Answer:glial cells and neurons ©neurons main function. Answer:the main communication unit of
the brain get- process- send ©axon terminals. Answer:where the neuron transmits the signal to other
neurons or other cell types ©transmission occurs at the. Answer:synapse ©resting membrane
potential. Answer:-70mV ©gated ion channels. Answer:open or close based on changes in nearby
transmembrane voltage, or as a response to chemical or physical stimuli ©Non-gated ion channels.
Answer:ion channels that are unregulated and always allow the associated ion to pass through
©action potential. Answer:a rapid depolarization and repolarization of a small region of the
membrane caused by opening and closing of the ion channels ©Spike triggering zones initiate.
Answer:the action potential ©voltage-gated ion channels. Answer:a transmembrane ion channel that
changes molecular conformation when the membrane potential changes, changing the conductance
of the channel for specific ions such as sodium, potassium, or chloride ©spike-triggering zone.
Answer:the location, at the juncture of the soma and the axon of a neuron, where currents from
synaptic inputs on the soma and distant dendrites are summed and where voltage-gated Na+
channels are located that can be triggered to generate action potentials that can propagate down the
axon ©axon hillock. Answer:A part of the cell body of a neuron where the membrane potentials are
, summated before being transmitted down the axon. ©threshold. Answer:membrane potential
necessary to trigger an action potential ©equilibrium potential. Answer:the particular voltage at
which there is no net flux of ions ©absolute refractory period. Answer:voltage-gated ion channels
are unable to open, and another action potential cannot be generated ©relative refractory period.
Answer:right after the absolute refractory period; neuron can generate action potentials, but only
with larger than normal depolarizing currents ©refractory period. Answer:only lasts a couple of
milliseconds ©accelerated transmission of the action potential is accomplished in.
Answer:myelinated axons ©saltatory conduction. Answer:action potentials jumping from one node
of Ranvier to the next (over myelinated axons) ©its not about the strength of an action potential but
is about the. Answer:rate of firing: the more action potentials there are at one moment ©synaptic
cleft. Answer:the gap between neurons at the synapse ©hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic
neuron produces an. Answer:inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) ©Exitatory Postsynaptic
Potentials (EPSPs). Answer:An electrical change (depolarization) in the membrane of a postsynaptic
neuron caused by the binding of an excitatory neurotransmitter from a presynaptic cell to a
postsynaptic receptor; makes it more likely for a postsynaptic neuron to generate an action potential.
©in electrical synapses, no synaptic cleft separates the neurons. Instead. Answer:the neuronal
membranes are touching at specializations called gap junctions and the cytoplasms of the two
neurons are essentially continuous ©the central nervous system has three main types of glial cells:.
Answer:astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes & Schwann cells ©astrocytes. Answer:connect
blood vessels and neurons Creates Blood-Brain-Barrier: protect CNS from blood born illness largest
may affect neurotransmitter reuptake processes, affecting signaling ©microglia. Answer:small and
irregularity shaped the cleaners and fixers Phagocytes: (devour and remove damaged cells)
©oligodendrocytes. Answer:type of glial cell that forms myelin in the central nervous system
©Schwann cells. Answer:a type of glial cell that forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system
©neural circuits. Answer:groups of interconnected neurons that process specific kinds of
information can be combined to form neural systems ©central nervous system. Answer:brain and
spinal cord command and control center of the nervous system ©peripheral nervous system.
Answer:a courier network that delivers sensory information to the central nervous system and then
conducts the motor commands of the CNS to control muscles od the body; anything outside the
brain and spinal cord has two branches: somatic motor system and autonomic nervous sysetm
©autonomic nervous system. Answer:involved in controlling the involuntary action of smooth
muscles, the heart, and various glands has two parts: sympathetic and parasympathetic
©sympathetic nervous system. Answer:norepinephrine fight or flight increase heart rate divert blood
from the digestive tract release of adrenaline ©parasympathetic nervous system.
Answer:acetylcholine rest and digest slows heart rate stimulates digestion blood to internal organs
©somatic motor system. Answer:controlled actions running, walking, moving ©the meninges.
Answer:the 3 protective layers the brain and spinal cord are covered in 1. dura mater *thickest 2.
arachnoid mater 3. pia mater *thinnest also- the subarachnoid layer between layers 2 and 3 that is
filled with cerebral spinal fluid ©cerebral spinal fluid. Answer:occupies the subarachnoid layer, the
brain ventricles, cisterns and sulci, and the central canal of the spinal cord two functions:
cushioning/protection and support (physical and provides nutrients to the brain in order to function)
©gray matter. Answer:Brain and spinal cord tissue that appears gray with the naked eye; consists
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A PLUS
Cognitive Neuroscience Instructor EXAM TEST
BANK FOR Gazzaniga Questions and Answers
Verified Solutions Latest Update 2026/2027
Question:
the output of the neuron ©Synapse.
Answer:
where two neurons come into close contact so that chemical or electrical signals can be passed from
one cell to the next ©Axon collaterals. Answer:Branch of axon that can transmit signals to more
than one cell ©Myelin. Answer:fatty substance that axons are wrapped in layers of ©Presynaptic.
Answer:when a neuron's axon makes a connection onto other neurons ©Postsynaptic. Answer:when
other neurons make a connection onto a neuron's dendrites ©Neuronal Signaling. Answer:when
neurons receive, evaluate, and transmit information ©ion channels. Answer:are proteins with a pore
through their centers that allow certain ions to flow down their concentration gradients ©ion pumps.
Answer:use energy to actively transport ions across the membrane against their concentration
gradients- from one region of low concentration to regions of higher concentration ©permeability.
Answer:the extent to which a particular ion can cross the membrane through a given ion channel
©electrical gradient. Answer:A force that develops when a charge distribution across the neuronal
membrane develops such that the charge inside is more positive or negative than the one outside.
Electrical gradients result from asymmetrical distributions of ions across the membrane.
©electrotonic conduction. Answer: ©Glial cells functions:. Answer:providing structural support and
electrical insulation to neurons and modulating neuronal activity ©We have equal amounts of.
Answer:glial cells and neurons ©neurons main function. Answer:the main communication unit of
the brain get- process- send ©axon terminals. Answer:where the neuron transmits the signal to other
neurons or other cell types ©transmission occurs at the. Answer:synapse ©resting membrane
potential. Answer:-70mV ©gated ion channels. Answer:open or close based on changes in nearby
transmembrane voltage, or as a response to chemical or physical stimuli ©Non-gated ion channels.
Answer:ion channels that are unregulated and always allow the associated ion to pass through
©action potential. Answer:a rapid depolarization and repolarization of a small region of the
membrane caused by opening and closing of the ion channels ©Spike triggering zones initiate.
Answer:the action potential ©voltage-gated ion channels. Answer:a transmembrane ion channel that
changes molecular conformation when the membrane potential changes, changing the conductance
of the channel for specific ions such as sodium, potassium, or chloride ©spike-triggering zone.
Answer:the location, at the juncture of the soma and the axon of a neuron, where currents from
synaptic inputs on the soma and distant dendrites are summed and where voltage-gated Na+
channels are located that can be triggered to generate action potentials that can propagate down the
axon ©axon hillock. Answer:A part of the cell body of a neuron where the membrane potentials are
, summated before being transmitted down the axon. ©threshold. Answer:membrane potential
necessary to trigger an action potential ©equilibrium potential. Answer:the particular voltage at
which there is no net flux of ions ©absolute refractory period. Answer:voltage-gated ion channels
are unable to open, and another action potential cannot be generated ©relative refractory period.
Answer:right after the absolute refractory period; neuron can generate action potentials, but only
with larger than normal depolarizing currents ©refractory period. Answer:only lasts a couple of
milliseconds ©accelerated transmission of the action potential is accomplished in.
Answer:myelinated axons ©saltatory conduction. Answer:action potentials jumping from one node
of Ranvier to the next (over myelinated axons) ©its not about the strength of an action potential but
is about the. Answer:rate of firing: the more action potentials there are at one moment ©synaptic
cleft. Answer:the gap between neurons at the synapse ©hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic
neuron produces an. Answer:inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) ©Exitatory Postsynaptic
Potentials (EPSPs). Answer:An electrical change (depolarization) in the membrane of a postsynaptic
neuron caused by the binding of an excitatory neurotransmitter from a presynaptic cell to a
postsynaptic receptor; makes it more likely for a postsynaptic neuron to generate an action potential.
©in electrical synapses, no synaptic cleft separates the neurons. Instead. Answer:the neuronal
membranes are touching at specializations called gap junctions and the cytoplasms of the two
neurons are essentially continuous ©the central nervous system has three main types of glial cells:.
Answer:astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes & Schwann cells ©astrocytes. Answer:connect
blood vessels and neurons Creates Blood-Brain-Barrier: protect CNS from blood born illness largest
may affect neurotransmitter reuptake processes, affecting signaling ©microglia. Answer:small and
irregularity shaped the cleaners and fixers Phagocytes: (devour and remove damaged cells)
©oligodendrocytes. Answer:type of glial cell that forms myelin in the central nervous system
©Schwann cells. Answer:a type of glial cell that forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system
©neural circuits. Answer:groups of interconnected neurons that process specific kinds of
information can be combined to form neural systems ©central nervous system. Answer:brain and
spinal cord command and control center of the nervous system ©peripheral nervous system.
Answer:a courier network that delivers sensory information to the central nervous system and then
conducts the motor commands of the CNS to control muscles od the body; anything outside the
brain and spinal cord has two branches: somatic motor system and autonomic nervous sysetm
©autonomic nervous system. Answer:involved in controlling the involuntary action of smooth
muscles, the heart, and various glands has two parts: sympathetic and parasympathetic
©sympathetic nervous system. Answer:norepinephrine fight or flight increase heart rate divert blood
from the digestive tract release of adrenaline ©parasympathetic nervous system.
Answer:acetylcholine rest and digest slows heart rate stimulates digestion blood to internal organs
©somatic motor system. Answer:controlled actions running, walking, moving ©the meninges.
Answer:the 3 protective layers the brain and spinal cord are covered in 1. dura mater *thickest 2.
arachnoid mater 3. pia mater *thinnest also- the subarachnoid layer between layers 2 and 3 that is
filled with cerebral spinal fluid ©cerebral spinal fluid. Answer:occupies the subarachnoid layer, the
brain ventricles, cisterns and sulci, and the central canal of the spinal cord two functions:
cushioning/protection and support (physical and provides nutrients to the brain in order to function)
©gray matter. Answer:Brain and spinal cord tissue that appears gray with the naked eye; consists
