BIOD 152 Anatomy & Physiology II Exam 1 – Latest Updated 2025–
2026 | 75 Fully Solved Questions + Rationales
1. Which structures make up the central nervous system?
A. Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
B. Sensory receptors and muscles
C. Sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia
D. Brain and spinal cord
Answer: D. Brain and spinal cord
Rationale: The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord; nerves and ganglia outside them belong to the
peripheral nervous system.
2. Which structures are part of the peripheral nervous system?
A. Cerebral cortex and cerebellum
B. Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral ganglia
C. Ventricles and meninges
D. Brain and spinal cord only
Answer: B. Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral ganglia
Rationale: The PNS includes neural structures outside the brain and spinal cord, including nerves and
ganglia.
3. A sensory neuron carrying information from the skin toward the spinal cord is described as:
A. Motor
B. Efferent
C. Afferent
D. Postganglionic
Answer: C. Afferent
Rationale: Afferent fibers carry sensory information toward the CNS.
4. A motor neuron carrying commands from the spinal cord to skeletal muscle is described as:
A. Afferent
B. Efferent
C. Receptive
D. Ascending
Answer: B. Efferent
Rationale: Efferent pathways carry motor output away from the CNS to effectors.
5. Which division of the peripheral nervous system primarily controls voluntary skeletal muscle?
A. Somatic nervous system
B. Sympathetic division
C. Parasympathetic division
D. Enteric nervous system
Answer: A. Somatic nervous system
Rationale: The somatic motor system innervates skeletal muscle and is primarily associated with voluntary
movement.
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, 6. Which division regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands without conscious control?
A. Somatic sensory system
B. Somatic motor system
C. Special sensory system
D. Autonomic nervous system
Answer: D. Autonomic nervous system
Rationale: The autonomic nervous system regulates visceral effectors including smooth muscle, cardiac
muscle, and glands.
7. Which autonomic division is most associated with the fight-or-flight response?
A. Sympathetic division
B. Enteric division only
C. Parasympathetic division
D. Somatic division
Answer: A. Sympathetic division
Rationale: Sympathetic activation prepares the body for activity by increasing cardiovascular and
metabolic support.
8. Which autonomic division is most associated with rest-and-digest functions?
A. Somatic motor division
B. Sympathetic division
C. Parasympathetic division
D. Sensory division
Answer: C. Parasympathetic division
Rationale: Parasympathetic activity supports digestion, energy conservation, and routine visceral
maintenance.
9. Which neuronal structure usually receives incoming signals from other neurons?
A. Node of Ranvier
B. Myelin sheath
C. Axon terminal
D. Dendrites
Answer: D. Dendrites
Rationale: Dendrites provide a large receptive surface for synaptic input.
10. Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus and most organelles?
A. Cell body (soma)
B. Node of Ranvier
C. Axon hillock only
D. Synaptic cleft
Answer: A. Cell body (soma)
Rationale: The soma contains the nucleus and organelles needed for cellular maintenance and protein
synthesis.
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2026 | 75 Fully Solved Questions + Rationales
1. Which structures make up the central nervous system?
A. Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
B. Sensory receptors and muscles
C. Sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia
D. Brain and spinal cord
Answer: D. Brain and spinal cord
Rationale: The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord; nerves and ganglia outside them belong to the
peripheral nervous system.
2. Which structures are part of the peripheral nervous system?
A. Cerebral cortex and cerebellum
B. Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral ganglia
C. Ventricles and meninges
D. Brain and spinal cord only
Answer: B. Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral ganglia
Rationale: The PNS includes neural structures outside the brain and spinal cord, including nerves and
ganglia.
3. A sensory neuron carrying information from the skin toward the spinal cord is described as:
A. Motor
B. Efferent
C. Afferent
D. Postganglionic
Answer: C. Afferent
Rationale: Afferent fibers carry sensory information toward the CNS.
4. A motor neuron carrying commands from the spinal cord to skeletal muscle is described as:
A. Afferent
B. Efferent
C. Receptive
D. Ascending
Answer: B. Efferent
Rationale: Efferent pathways carry motor output away from the CNS to effectors.
5. Which division of the peripheral nervous system primarily controls voluntary skeletal muscle?
A. Somatic nervous system
B. Sympathetic division
C. Parasympathetic division
D. Enteric nervous system
Answer: A. Somatic nervous system
Rationale: The somatic motor system innervates skeletal muscle and is primarily associated with voluntary
movement.
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, 6. Which division regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands without conscious control?
A. Somatic sensory system
B. Somatic motor system
C. Special sensory system
D. Autonomic nervous system
Answer: D. Autonomic nervous system
Rationale: The autonomic nervous system regulates visceral effectors including smooth muscle, cardiac
muscle, and glands.
7. Which autonomic division is most associated with the fight-or-flight response?
A. Sympathetic division
B. Enteric division only
C. Parasympathetic division
D. Somatic division
Answer: A. Sympathetic division
Rationale: Sympathetic activation prepares the body for activity by increasing cardiovascular and
metabolic support.
8. Which autonomic division is most associated with rest-and-digest functions?
A. Somatic motor division
B. Sympathetic division
C. Parasympathetic division
D. Sensory division
Answer: C. Parasympathetic division
Rationale: Parasympathetic activity supports digestion, energy conservation, and routine visceral
maintenance.
9. Which neuronal structure usually receives incoming signals from other neurons?
A. Node of Ranvier
B. Myelin sheath
C. Axon terminal
D. Dendrites
Answer: D. Dendrites
Rationale: Dendrites provide a large receptive surface for synaptic input.
10. Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus and most organelles?
A. Cell body (soma)
B. Node of Ranvier
C. Axon hillock only
D. Synaptic cleft
Answer: A. Cell body (soma)
Rationale: The soma contains the nucleus and organelles needed for cellular maintenance and protein
synthesis.
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