HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY FROM CELLS TO
SYSTEMS 20TH EDITION COMPREHENSIVE
SOLVED QUESTIONS AND COMPLETE
ANSWERS
◉ chemiosmosis.
Answer: ATP production in mitochondria catalyzed by ATP synthase,
activated by flow of H+ ions down concentration gradient
established by electron transport system/chain
◉ dynein.
Answer: the molecular motor that "walks" along microtubular
"highways" toward the cell center; for ex., transporting debris from
the axon terminal to the cell body for destruction by lysosomes
◉ glycogen.
Answer: storage form of glucose in muscle & liver
◉ glycolysis.
Answer: breaks down glucose into pyruvate molecules; takes place
in cytosol
,◉ hydrolysis.
Answer: digestion of a nutrient molecule by adding water to a
bonding site
◉ inclusion.
Answer: non-permanent mass of stored material (ex. glycogen or
fat/triglycerides) in a cell
◉ intermediary metabolism.
Answer: refers collectively to a large set of chemical reactions inside
cell that involve degradation, synthesis & transformation of small
organic molecules (ex. simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids);
always occurs in cytoplasm
◉ intermediate filaments.
Answer: threadlike cytoskeletal elements that play a structural role
in parts of a cell subjected to mechanical stress
◉ keratin.
Answer: intermediate filament found in skin cells that provide
strength & help form a waterproof layer
◉ kinesin.
,Answer: molecular motor that transports secretory vesicles along a
microtubular highway within neuronal axons by piggybacking the
vesicles, then "walking" them along the microtubule to the end of the
axon
◉ lactate (lactic acid).
Answer: end product formed from pyruvate (pyruvic acid) during
anaerobic process of glycolysis
◉ lysosomes.
Answer: membrane-bound sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes to
degrade cellular debris, internalized foreign material, etc.
◉ metabolism.
Answer: all chemical reactions that occur within body cells
◉ microfilaments.
Answer: cytoskeletal elements made of actin molecules (and myosin
molecules in muscle cells); play major role in various cellular
contractile systems and serve as a mechanical stiffener for microvilli
◉ microtubules.
, Answer: cytoskeletal elements made of tubulin molecules arranged
into long, slender, unbranched tubes that help maintain asymmetric
cell shapes and coordinate complex cell movements
◉ microvilli.
Answer: actin-stiffened, nonmotile, hairlike projections from luminal
surface of epithelial cells lining digestive tract & kidney tubules;
greatly increase surface area of the cell exposed to the lumen
◉ molecular motor.
Answer: specialized protein molecule with "feet" that can be swung
forward alternatively as it "walks" along a microtubular highway,
carrying cargo from one part of the cell to another
◉ myosin.
Answer: protein that forms thick filaments in muscle fibers
◉ peroxisomes.
Answer: membranous sacs that contain oxidative enzymes to
detoxify cellular wastes or foreign compounds in cell
◉ types of endocytosis.
Answer: pinocytosis (internalizes ECF); phagocytosis (of large,
multimolecular solids); receptor-mediated endocytosis (import of a
SYSTEMS 20TH EDITION COMPREHENSIVE
SOLVED QUESTIONS AND COMPLETE
ANSWERS
◉ chemiosmosis.
Answer: ATP production in mitochondria catalyzed by ATP synthase,
activated by flow of H+ ions down concentration gradient
established by electron transport system/chain
◉ dynein.
Answer: the molecular motor that "walks" along microtubular
"highways" toward the cell center; for ex., transporting debris from
the axon terminal to the cell body for destruction by lysosomes
◉ glycogen.
Answer: storage form of glucose in muscle & liver
◉ glycolysis.
Answer: breaks down glucose into pyruvate molecules; takes place
in cytosol
,◉ hydrolysis.
Answer: digestion of a nutrient molecule by adding water to a
bonding site
◉ inclusion.
Answer: non-permanent mass of stored material (ex. glycogen or
fat/triglycerides) in a cell
◉ intermediary metabolism.
Answer: refers collectively to a large set of chemical reactions inside
cell that involve degradation, synthesis & transformation of small
organic molecules (ex. simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids);
always occurs in cytoplasm
◉ intermediate filaments.
Answer: threadlike cytoskeletal elements that play a structural role
in parts of a cell subjected to mechanical stress
◉ keratin.
Answer: intermediate filament found in skin cells that provide
strength & help form a waterproof layer
◉ kinesin.
,Answer: molecular motor that transports secretory vesicles along a
microtubular highway within neuronal axons by piggybacking the
vesicles, then "walking" them along the microtubule to the end of the
axon
◉ lactate (lactic acid).
Answer: end product formed from pyruvate (pyruvic acid) during
anaerobic process of glycolysis
◉ lysosomes.
Answer: membrane-bound sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes to
degrade cellular debris, internalized foreign material, etc.
◉ metabolism.
Answer: all chemical reactions that occur within body cells
◉ microfilaments.
Answer: cytoskeletal elements made of actin molecules (and myosin
molecules in muscle cells); play major role in various cellular
contractile systems and serve as a mechanical stiffener for microvilli
◉ microtubules.
, Answer: cytoskeletal elements made of tubulin molecules arranged
into long, slender, unbranched tubes that help maintain asymmetric
cell shapes and coordinate complex cell movements
◉ microvilli.
Answer: actin-stiffened, nonmotile, hairlike projections from luminal
surface of epithelial cells lining digestive tract & kidney tubules;
greatly increase surface area of the cell exposed to the lumen
◉ molecular motor.
Answer: specialized protein molecule with "feet" that can be swung
forward alternatively as it "walks" along a microtubular highway,
carrying cargo from one part of the cell to another
◉ myosin.
Answer: protein that forms thick filaments in muscle fibers
◉ peroxisomes.
Answer: membranous sacs that contain oxidative enzymes to
detoxify cellular wastes or foreign compounds in cell
◉ types of endocytosis.
Answer: pinocytosis (internalizes ECF); phagocytosis (of large,
multimolecular solids); receptor-mediated endocytosis (import of a
