URINALYSIS & BODY FLUIDS BOC 7TH ED. (BODY FLUIDS) |COMPLETE
QUESTIONS WITH EXPERT SOLUTION | 2026 LATEST UPDATED GET A+
1. Macroscopic screening: - Based on physical and chemical results
- Color, clarity, blood, protein, nitrite, leukocyte esterase, and possibly glucose
- Special populations: Pregnant women; pediatric, geriatric, diabetic, immunocompromised, and renal patients
2. Specimen preparation: Examine when fresh or preserved
RBCs, WBCs, casts disintegrate in dilute, alkaline urine
Refrigeration precipitates crystals
Can obscure other elements
Less contamination (epithelial cells) from a midstream clean-catch specimen
Thoroughly mix specimen before decanting to the centrifuge tube
3. Specimen volume: Centrifuge 10 to 15 mL urine (reagent strips fit into 12 mL)
Quantities <12 mL should be documented
Too little volume = fewer formed elements
Some laboratories correct for volume
4. Sediment preparation: - sediment should remain in the tube after decantation
- sediment must be thoroughly resuspended by gentle agitation
5. Examining the sediment: - observation of 10 fields under both low and high power field
- casts tend to linger near the edge of the cover slip
- observe under reduced light
-
6. sediment stains: Low refractive index elements are often difficult to see under bright-field microscopy
, 7. normal red blood cells: identified in high power and reported as the average number seen in 10 hpfs
8. crenated red blood cells: concentrated (hypersthenuric) urine will cause the cells to shrink due to the loss of water
9. ghost cells: dilute (hyposthenuric) urine will cause the cells to absorb water, swell, and lyse rapidly, releasing their
hemoglobin and leaving only the cell membrane
10. Dysmorphic RBCs: -Glomerular bleeding
-Strenuous exercise
-Acanthocytic, blebs
-Fragmented, hypochromic
11. white blood cells (neutrophils): granules and multilobed nucleus
if swelled with water, the are reffered to as glitter cells
12. white blood cells (eosinophils): the presence of urinary eosinophils is associated with drug-induced interstitial
nephritis, small numbers may indicate an UTI and renal transplant rejection
finding more than 1% is significant
13. white blood cells (mononuclear): an increase in urinary wbcs is called pyuria
14. squamous epithelial cells: these are flat nucleated cells which slough off from the lining of the urethra
QUESTIONS WITH EXPERT SOLUTION | 2026 LATEST UPDATED GET A+
1. Macroscopic screening: - Based on physical and chemical results
- Color, clarity, blood, protein, nitrite, leukocyte esterase, and possibly glucose
- Special populations: Pregnant women; pediatric, geriatric, diabetic, immunocompromised, and renal patients
2. Specimen preparation: Examine when fresh or preserved
RBCs, WBCs, casts disintegrate in dilute, alkaline urine
Refrigeration precipitates crystals
Can obscure other elements
Less contamination (epithelial cells) from a midstream clean-catch specimen
Thoroughly mix specimen before decanting to the centrifuge tube
3. Specimen volume: Centrifuge 10 to 15 mL urine (reagent strips fit into 12 mL)
Quantities <12 mL should be documented
Too little volume = fewer formed elements
Some laboratories correct for volume
4. Sediment preparation: - sediment should remain in the tube after decantation
- sediment must be thoroughly resuspended by gentle agitation
5. Examining the sediment: - observation of 10 fields under both low and high power field
- casts tend to linger near the edge of the cover slip
- observe under reduced light
-
6. sediment stains: Low refractive index elements are often difficult to see under bright-field microscopy
, 7. normal red blood cells: identified in high power and reported as the average number seen in 10 hpfs
8. crenated red blood cells: concentrated (hypersthenuric) urine will cause the cells to shrink due to the loss of water
9. ghost cells: dilute (hyposthenuric) urine will cause the cells to absorb water, swell, and lyse rapidly, releasing their
hemoglobin and leaving only the cell membrane
10. Dysmorphic RBCs: -Glomerular bleeding
-Strenuous exercise
-Acanthocytic, blebs
-Fragmented, hypochromic
11. white blood cells (neutrophils): granules and multilobed nucleus
if swelled with water, the are reffered to as glitter cells
12. white blood cells (eosinophils): the presence of urinary eosinophils is associated with drug-induced interstitial
nephritis, small numbers may indicate an UTI and renal transplant rejection
finding more than 1% is significant
13. white blood cells (mononuclear): an increase in urinary wbcs is called pyuria
14. squamous epithelial cells: these are flat nucleated cells which slough off from the lining of the urethra
