NUR 111 FINAL EXAM 2026/2027 – COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE
QUESTIONS & EXAM REVIEW
Electrolyte balance and imbalances - ANS ✔✔▪ Sodium
Major cation in ECF
Hyponatremia - serum level below 136 mEq/L
♦Interventions
➢ Priority is monitoring the pt. response to therapy
to prevent hypernatremia and fluid overload
➢ Drug therapy
➢ Nutrition therapy
▪ Increasing oral Na intake and restricting oral
fluid intake
Hypernatremia
♦Serum Na level over 145 mEq/L
Medication error - ANS ✔✔➢ Any preventable event that may cause or lead to
inappropriate medication use or pt. harm while the
medication is in the control of the health care professional,
patient or consumer
______ rinses for chemo patients - ANS ✔✔Normal saline
Sources of Infection Chain - ANS ✔✔Agent - organism the spreads disease
Reservoir - where organism live
Exit - how organisms escape reservoir
Transmission - how organism spreads pathogens
Entry - how pathogen enter host
Host - infected with pathogens form organisms
3 stages of Inflammation - ANS ✔✔➢ Vascular and cellular response
▪ Redness, heat, pain, swelling
➢ Inflammatory exudates (drainage)
➢ Tissue repair
ASEPSIS - ANS ✔✔➢ Medical = clean technique
➢ Surgical = sterile technique
Must have Dr. order to put patient in ______ - ANS ✔✔shower or tub
Do not offer a _____ a back rub - ANS ✔✔heart patients
________ swabs dry the mucous membrane and erodes enamel - ANS ✔✔Lemon glycerine
➢ Assess for gag reflex
➢ Sims position
,➢ Suction available
➢ Never use your finger to keep mouth open
➢ Need more frequent oral care
➢ Petroleum jelly on lips - ANS ✔✔Oral hygiene for unconscious patient
Bed positions - ANS ✔✔➢ Fowlers - 45 degrees
➢ Semi fowlers - 30 degrees
➢ Trendelenburg - head of bed down
➢ Reverse trendelenburg - foot of bed down
➢ Flat
What is the difference in the scope of practice of RN's and LPN's? - ANS ✔✔A RN can function
independently, LPN can do an assessment, but must report to RN
What would an RN who has been inactive for more than 5 years need to do to be removed from the
inactive list? - ANS ✔✔Prove they've been active in another state or apply and take an approved
refresher course
How many times per year, is the licensure exam for RN's administered? - ANS ✔✔2 times a year
HIPPA - ANS ✔✔Protects confidentiality and privacy of pt. health
information
➢ 4 areas
▪ Portability of healthcare coverage
▪ Privacy regulation
▪ Security regulation
▪ Administrative provisions for transmissions of electronic
Patient self determination act - ANS ✔✔Requires health care agencies to provide written info. to
clients about their right to make decisions about their care
Legal aspects of pt. rights - ANS ✔✔➢ Informed consent
▪ Nurse cannot obtain consent
➢ Leaving against medical advice
▪ Explain dangers and risks of leaving
➢ Physical restraints
▪ Last resort
▪ Expires every 24 hr.
Diagnostic related groups - ANS ✔✔Payment is predetermined based on diagnosis
Advance directives - ANS ✔✔➢ Living will
▪ Documents a person's wishes will still living
➢ Durable power of attorney
▪ Allows a designee to make decisions if pt. becomes
incapacitated
Autonomy - ANS ✔✔self determination; acting on one's own
,Beneficence - ANS ✔✔doing or actively promoting good
Confidentiality - ANS ✔✔respecting privileged info. on pt.
Justice - ANS ✔✔being fair or equal in one's action
Nonmaleficence - ANS ✔✔the duty to do no harm to a pt.
Veracity - ANS ✔✔the duty to tell the truth
Fidelity - ANS ✔✔the duty to tell the truth
Colonization - ANS ✔✔the establishment and growth of
microorganisms on the skin, open wounds, or mucous
membranes, or in secretions without causing adverse
clinical signs or symptoms
Community associated infection - ANS ✔✔acquired by persons who
have not been hospitalized or had a medical procedure
recently (within the past year)
Definitive therapy - ANS ✔✔the administration of antibiotics based on known results of culture and
sensitivity testing
identifying the pathogen causing infection
Empiric therapy - ANS ✔✔the administration of antibiotics based on the practitioner's judgment of the
pathogens most likely to be causing an apparent infection; it involves the
presumptive treatment of an infection to avoid treatment
delay before specific culture info. has been obtained
Health care associated infection - ANS ✔✔an infection that is
acquired during the course of receiving treatment for
another condition in a health care facility. The infection is
not present or incubating at the time of admission
Superinfection - ANS ✔✔an infection occurring during
antimicrobial treatment for another infection, resulting
from overgrowth of an organism not susceptible to the
antibiotic used or a secondary microbial infection that
occurs in addition to an earlier primary infection, often due
to weakening of the pt. immune system function by the first
infection
Teratogens - ANS ✔✔substances that can interfere with normal
prenatal development and cause one or more
developmental abnormalities in the fetus
, Nephrotoxicity - ANS ✔✔toxicity to the kidneys
Ototoxicity - ANS ✔✔toxicity to the ears
Synergistic effect - ANS ✔✔drug interaction in which the bacterial
killing effect of two antibiotics given together is greater
than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs
given alone
Family and friends should not be used as _____ except
at the care recipient's request - ANS ✔✔interpreters
Nurse practice acts - ANS ✔✔➢ Includes statements that refer to protecting the health and
safety of the citizens in the jurisdiction
➢ Protect the title of RN
Pt. self-determination act - ANS ✔✔Requires health care institutions to provide written info. to
clients concerning the clients rights under state law to make
decisions, including the right to refuse treatment and
formulate advance directives
Uniform anatomical gift - ANS ✔✔➢ Person who is at least 18 yrs. of age has the right to make
an organ donation
▪ Make gift in writing with their signature
Unemancipated minors may not consent to abortions without
one of the following - ANS ✔✔➢ Consent of one parent
➢ Self-consent being granted by a court order
➢ Consent specifically given by a court
Minors may give consent in the following situations - ANS ✔✔➢ Lawfully married or a parent
➢ Pregnancy (excluding abortions)
➢ Venereal disease
➢ Drug or substance abuse
Community based nursing - ANS ✔✔Takes place in a community setting such as the home or
clinic, where the focus is on the needs of the individual or
family
Human ecology model - ANS ✔✔▪ Client and immediate family
▪ People and settings that have frequent contact with pt. and
family
▪ Local community and its values and policies
▪ Social systems such as government and church
Quality assurance - ANS ✔✔▪ inspection oriented (detection)
▪ narrow focus
QUESTIONS & EXAM REVIEW
Electrolyte balance and imbalances - ANS ✔✔▪ Sodium
Major cation in ECF
Hyponatremia - serum level below 136 mEq/L
♦Interventions
➢ Priority is monitoring the pt. response to therapy
to prevent hypernatremia and fluid overload
➢ Drug therapy
➢ Nutrition therapy
▪ Increasing oral Na intake and restricting oral
fluid intake
Hypernatremia
♦Serum Na level over 145 mEq/L
Medication error - ANS ✔✔➢ Any preventable event that may cause or lead to
inappropriate medication use or pt. harm while the
medication is in the control of the health care professional,
patient or consumer
______ rinses for chemo patients - ANS ✔✔Normal saline
Sources of Infection Chain - ANS ✔✔Agent - organism the spreads disease
Reservoir - where organism live
Exit - how organisms escape reservoir
Transmission - how organism spreads pathogens
Entry - how pathogen enter host
Host - infected with pathogens form organisms
3 stages of Inflammation - ANS ✔✔➢ Vascular and cellular response
▪ Redness, heat, pain, swelling
➢ Inflammatory exudates (drainage)
➢ Tissue repair
ASEPSIS - ANS ✔✔➢ Medical = clean technique
➢ Surgical = sterile technique
Must have Dr. order to put patient in ______ - ANS ✔✔shower or tub
Do not offer a _____ a back rub - ANS ✔✔heart patients
________ swabs dry the mucous membrane and erodes enamel - ANS ✔✔Lemon glycerine
➢ Assess for gag reflex
➢ Sims position
,➢ Suction available
➢ Never use your finger to keep mouth open
➢ Need more frequent oral care
➢ Petroleum jelly on lips - ANS ✔✔Oral hygiene for unconscious patient
Bed positions - ANS ✔✔➢ Fowlers - 45 degrees
➢ Semi fowlers - 30 degrees
➢ Trendelenburg - head of bed down
➢ Reverse trendelenburg - foot of bed down
➢ Flat
What is the difference in the scope of practice of RN's and LPN's? - ANS ✔✔A RN can function
independently, LPN can do an assessment, but must report to RN
What would an RN who has been inactive for more than 5 years need to do to be removed from the
inactive list? - ANS ✔✔Prove they've been active in another state or apply and take an approved
refresher course
How many times per year, is the licensure exam for RN's administered? - ANS ✔✔2 times a year
HIPPA - ANS ✔✔Protects confidentiality and privacy of pt. health
information
➢ 4 areas
▪ Portability of healthcare coverage
▪ Privacy regulation
▪ Security regulation
▪ Administrative provisions for transmissions of electronic
Patient self determination act - ANS ✔✔Requires health care agencies to provide written info. to
clients about their right to make decisions about their care
Legal aspects of pt. rights - ANS ✔✔➢ Informed consent
▪ Nurse cannot obtain consent
➢ Leaving against medical advice
▪ Explain dangers and risks of leaving
➢ Physical restraints
▪ Last resort
▪ Expires every 24 hr.
Diagnostic related groups - ANS ✔✔Payment is predetermined based on diagnosis
Advance directives - ANS ✔✔➢ Living will
▪ Documents a person's wishes will still living
➢ Durable power of attorney
▪ Allows a designee to make decisions if pt. becomes
incapacitated
Autonomy - ANS ✔✔self determination; acting on one's own
,Beneficence - ANS ✔✔doing or actively promoting good
Confidentiality - ANS ✔✔respecting privileged info. on pt.
Justice - ANS ✔✔being fair or equal in one's action
Nonmaleficence - ANS ✔✔the duty to do no harm to a pt.
Veracity - ANS ✔✔the duty to tell the truth
Fidelity - ANS ✔✔the duty to tell the truth
Colonization - ANS ✔✔the establishment and growth of
microorganisms on the skin, open wounds, or mucous
membranes, or in secretions without causing adverse
clinical signs or symptoms
Community associated infection - ANS ✔✔acquired by persons who
have not been hospitalized or had a medical procedure
recently (within the past year)
Definitive therapy - ANS ✔✔the administration of antibiotics based on known results of culture and
sensitivity testing
identifying the pathogen causing infection
Empiric therapy - ANS ✔✔the administration of antibiotics based on the practitioner's judgment of the
pathogens most likely to be causing an apparent infection; it involves the
presumptive treatment of an infection to avoid treatment
delay before specific culture info. has been obtained
Health care associated infection - ANS ✔✔an infection that is
acquired during the course of receiving treatment for
another condition in a health care facility. The infection is
not present or incubating at the time of admission
Superinfection - ANS ✔✔an infection occurring during
antimicrobial treatment for another infection, resulting
from overgrowth of an organism not susceptible to the
antibiotic used or a secondary microbial infection that
occurs in addition to an earlier primary infection, often due
to weakening of the pt. immune system function by the first
infection
Teratogens - ANS ✔✔substances that can interfere with normal
prenatal development and cause one or more
developmental abnormalities in the fetus
, Nephrotoxicity - ANS ✔✔toxicity to the kidneys
Ototoxicity - ANS ✔✔toxicity to the ears
Synergistic effect - ANS ✔✔drug interaction in which the bacterial
killing effect of two antibiotics given together is greater
than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs
given alone
Family and friends should not be used as _____ except
at the care recipient's request - ANS ✔✔interpreters
Nurse practice acts - ANS ✔✔➢ Includes statements that refer to protecting the health and
safety of the citizens in the jurisdiction
➢ Protect the title of RN
Pt. self-determination act - ANS ✔✔Requires health care institutions to provide written info. to
clients concerning the clients rights under state law to make
decisions, including the right to refuse treatment and
formulate advance directives
Uniform anatomical gift - ANS ✔✔➢ Person who is at least 18 yrs. of age has the right to make
an organ donation
▪ Make gift in writing with their signature
Unemancipated minors may not consent to abortions without
one of the following - ANS ✔✔➢ Consent of one parent
➢ Self-consent being granted by a court order
➢ Consent specifically given by a court
Minors may give consent in the following situations - ANS ✔✔➢ Lawfully married or a parent
➢ Pregnancy (excluding abortions)
➢ Venereal disease
➢ Drug or substance abuse
Community based nursing - ANS ✔✔Takes place in a community setting such as the home or
clinic, where the focus is on the needs of the individual or
family
Human ecology model - ANS ✔✔▪ Client and immediate family
▪ People and settings that have frequent contact with pt. and
family
▪ Local community and its values and policies
▪ Social systems such as government and church
Quality assurance - ANS ✔✔▪ inspection oriented (detection)
▪ narrow focus
