NUR 301 EXAM 2 2026/2027 – COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE,
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & EXAM REVIEW
glomerulonephritis - correct answer ✔✔-inflammation of the glomerular capillaries (they help to filter
blood and form urine)
-acute: most common source is strep infection & other infections
-chronic: due to repeated or chronic injury to kidneys
acute glomerulonephritis symptoms - correct answer ✔✔-hematuria (identified with UA), edema,
azotemia (excessive nitrogenous wastes in the blood), & proteinuria
-hypertension is common bc salts build up
-elevated creatinine & BUN
-decreased urine output
acute glomerulonephritis assessments - correct answer ✔✔-BUN
-creatinine
-I&O
acute glomerulonephritis nursing interventions - correct answer ✔✔-protein restriction
-penicillin is antibiotic of choice
-measure I&Os
-daily weights (most accurate indicator of fluid loss/gain)
-patient education
people with kidney problems often have increased phosphate, increased potassium, and decreased
calcium*** - correct answer ✔✔
nephrotic syndrome - correct answer ✔✔-cluster of clinical findings that occur with almost any intrinsic
renal disease or systemic disease that affects the glomerulus
-patho: structural changes in the glomerulus resulting in protenuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia,
& edema
-diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause and results in proteinuria
-treatment: meds (diuretics, corticosteroids), diet modification (moderate protein intake, low
cholesterol, low sat fat)
acute renal failure (ARF) - correct answer ✔✔-typically reversible (if treated before perm kidney damage
occurs) clinical syndrome in which there is an abrupt loss of kidney function and GFR over a period of
hours
acute renal failure symptoms - correct answer ✔✔-oliguria (<500ml/day)
-anuria (<50ml/day)
-acidemia (due to failure to excrete acidic waste products)
-fluid excess
-electrolyte abnormalities
-hematuria
-N/V
, -headache
-lethargy
-failure of BP regulation & erythropoiesis resulting in anemia
4 clinical phases of acute renal failure - correct answer ✔✔1. Initiation or onset
2. Oliguric (electrolytes, wastes, acids accumulate)
3. Diuretic (GFR and UO improve- overall improvement)
4. Recovery (may take several weeks to months)
acute renal failure prevention & treatment - correct answer ✔✔-prevention: adequate hydration, assess
for nephrotoxic meds, assess labs, I&Os
-treatment: treat underlying cause, meds (reg, insulin, kayexalate), nutritional promotion, bed rest,
infection control, skin care (edema= higher risk for skin breakdown)
types of acute renal failure - correct answer ✔✔1. Prerenal (reduced blood flow to kidney with
decreased GFR & low UO caused by volume depletion, impaired cardiac deficiency, & vasodilation)
2. Intrarenal (damage to the glomeruli or kidney tubules due to meds [NSAIDs])
3. Postrenal (result of an obstruction such as renal calculi or BPH)
chronic renal failure (CRF) & end stage renal disease (ESRD) symptoms - correct answer ✔✔-virtually
every body system is affected by CRF
-**GFR decreases, BUN & Creatinine increase**
-neuro: altered LOC, agitation, confusion, peripheral neuropathy
-cardio: HTN, HF, pulmonary edema (**cardiovascular disease is the predominant cause of death**)
-GI: N/V, anorexia, ammonia breath
-skin: pruritis
-hematologic: anemia
chronic renal failure (CRF) & end stage renal disease (ESRD) management - correct answer ✔✔-meds
(phosphate-binding agents, calcium supplements, antihypertensives & cardiac meds, antiseizure meds,
erythropoietin)
-nutritional support (limit protein, sodium, potassium, phosphate; diabetes diet if necessary; may need a
fluid restriction)
-dialysis
hemodialysis - correct answer ✔✔-functions as an artificial kidney, removing toxic nitrogenous
substances from the blood and excess water
-patient's blood is diverted to a machine, where toxins are removed, then blood is returned back to the
patient
-used with patients who have chronic renal failure or end stage renal disease bc they need it to live
temporary vascular access devices - correct answer ✔✔-insertion of a double-lumen large-bore catheter
into the subclavian, internal jugular, or femoral veins
-used for emergency*** only (for example acute kidney injury)
-sometimes used while waiting for AV fistula to mature
nursing implications for hemodialysis - correct answer ✔✔-teach pt how to feel for thrill
-constantly monitor for complications during dialysis
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & EXAM REVIEW
glomerulonephritis - correct answer ✔✔-inflammation of the glomerular capillaries (they help to filter
blood and form urine)
-acute: most common source is strep infection & other infections
-chronic: due to repeated or chronic injury to kidneys
acute glomerulonephritis symptoms - correct answer ✔✔-hematuria (identified with UA), edema,
azotemia (excessive nitrogenous wastes in the blood), & proteinuria
-hypertension is common bc salts build up
-elevated creatinine & BUN
-decreased urine output
acute glomerulonephritis assessments - correct answer ✔✔-BUN
-creatinine
-I&O
acute glomerulonephritis nursing interventions - correct answer ✔✔-protein restriction
-penicillin is antibiotic of choice
-measure I&Os
-daily weights (most accurate indicator of fluid loss/gain)
-patient education
people with kidney problems often have increased phosphate, increased potassium, and decreased
calcium*** - correct answer ✔✔
nephrotic syndrome - correct answer ✔✔-cluster of clinical findings that occur with almost any intrinsic
renal disease or systemic disease that affects the glomerulus
-patho: structural changes in the glomerulus resulting in protenuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia,
& edema
-diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause and results in proteinuria
-treatment: meds (diuretics, corticosteroids), diet modification (moderate protein intake, low
cholesterol, low sat fat)
acute renal failure (ARF) - correct answer ✔✔-typically reversible (if treated before perm kidney damage
occurs) clinical syndrome in which there is an abrupt loss of kidney function and GFR over a period of
hours
acute renal failure symptoms - correct answer ✔✔-oliguria (<500ml/day)
-anuria (<50ml/day)
-acidemia (due to failure to excrete acidic waste products)
-fluid excess
-electrolyte abnormalities
-hematuria
-N/V
, -headache
-lethargy
-failure of BP regulation & erythropoiesis resulting in anemia
4 clinical phases of acute renal failure - correct answer ✔✔1. Initiation or onset
2. Oliguric (electrolytes, wastes, acids accumulate)
3. Diuretic (GFR and UO improve- overall improvement)
4. Recovery (may take several weeks to months)
acute renal failure prevention & treatment - correct answer ✔✔-prevention: adequate hydration, assess
for nephrotoxic meds, assess labs, I&Os
-treatment: treat underlying cause, meds (reg, insulin, kayexalate), nutritional promotion, bed rest,
infection control, skin care (edema= higher risk for skin breakdown)
types of acute renal failure - correct answer ✔✔1. Prerenal (reduced blood flow to kidney with
decreased GFR & low UO caused by volume depletion, impaired cardiac deficiency, & vasodilation)
2. Intrarenal (damage to the glomeruli or kidney tubules due to meds [NSAIDs])
3. Postrenal (result of an obstruction such as renal calculi or BPH)
chronic renal failure (CRF) & end stage renal disease (ESRD) symptoms - correct answer ✔✔-virtually
every body system is affected by CRF
-**GFR decreases, BUN & Creatinine increase**
-neuro: altered LOC, agitation, confusion, peripheral neuropathy
-cardio: HTN, HF, pulmonary edema (**cardiovascular disease is the predominant cause of death**)
-GI: N/V, anorexia, ammonia breath
-skin: pruritis
-hematologic: anemia
chronic renal failure (CRF) & end stage renal disease (ESRD) management - correct answer ✔✔-meds
(phosphate-binding agents, calcium supplements, antihypertensives & cardiac meds, antiseizure meds,
erythropoietin)
-nutritional support (limit protein, sodium, potassium, phosphate; diabetes diet if necessary; may need a
fluid restriction)
-dialysis
hemodialysis - correct answer ✔✔-functions as an artificial kidney, removing toxic nitrogenous
substances from the blood and excess water
-patient's blood is diverted to a machine, where toxins are removed, then blood is returned back to the
patient
-used with patients who have chronic renal failure or end stage renal disease bc they need it to live
temporary vascular access devices - correct answer ✔✔-insertion of a double-lumen large-bore catheter
into the subclavian, internal jugular, or femoral veins
-used for emergency*** only (for example acute kidney injury)
-sometimes used while waiting for AV fistula to mature
nursing implications for hemodialysis - correct answer ✔✔-teach pt how to feel for thrill
-constantly monitor for complications during dialysis
