NUR 301 FINAL EXAM 2026/2027 – COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
CT Scan - ✔✔More detailed information than an x-ray, cross-sectional images/slices used to detect
abnormalities in the body (tumors, abscesses, abnormal blood vessels)
Ex. bowel obstructions
Barium Swallow - ✔✔X-ray imaging test used to visualize the structures of the esophagus. Used to
diagnose anatomical abnormalities such as esophageal perforation and hiatal hernia.
Abdominal Ultrasound - ✔✔Used to look at organs in the abdomen, including the liver, gallbladder,
spleen, pancreas and kidneys and is used to detect abnormalities.
ERCP - ✔✔Specialized technique used to study the bile ducts, pancreatic duct and gallbladder. Used to
diagnose and treat certain problems of the biliary or pancreatic ductal systems
GERD - ✔✔May occur because of an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter, pyloric stenosis or a
motility disorder
Symptoms of GERD - ✔✔Pyrosis (burning sensation), indigestion, regurgitation, dysphagia
Management of GERD - ✔✔Lifestyle modifications (diet, positioning), no food for 2 hours before bed
Gastric Emptying - proton pump inhibitors and prokinetic agents (drugs that accelerate gastric emptying)
Esophageal Perforation - ✔✔May be caused by trauma or inadvertently during a surgical procedure or
dilation
Diagnosed with x-ray and barium swallow
Symptoms of Esophageal Perforation - ✔✔Pain, dysphagia, fever, high WBC (symptoms of infection),
hypotension
Treatment of Esophageal Perforation - ✔✔Broad-spectrum antibiotics, NPO, surgery may be necessary
May have a G or J tube feeding, could also have TPN (central line)
Hiatal Hernia - ✔✔Opening in the diaphragm where the esophagus passes becomes enlarged - part of
the stomach moves up into the lower portion of the thorax
Diagnosed with X-ray and barium swallow
Sliding Hiatal Hernia - ✔✔Heartburn, regurgitation, dysphagia or asymptommatic
The most common type
Paraesophageal Hiatal Hernia - ✔✔Sense of fullness or chest pain after eating or asymptomatic
Treatment of Hiatal Hernias - ✔✔Do not eat 2 hours before bed, tx like GERD, avoid trigger foods
(caffeine), smaller meals, HOB 30-35 degrees
, G tube - ✔✔A surgical procedure in which an opening is created into the stomach for the purpose of
administering foods and fluids via a feeding tube
Less risk for regurgitation and aspiration
NG tube and G tube - ✔✔Used to decompress stomach fluid or air (rest bowels), lavage the stomach
and remove toxins with NS, administer medications and nutrition
Nursing Implications of NG/G tubes - ✔✔HOB 30-35 degrees to prevent aspiration, residual assessment
(<200 absorbing tube feeds, >200 call physician), preventing dumping syndrome (r/t formula), flush
before removal
Where is the only place you can check residual? - ✔✔Stomach
Complications of NG/G tube - ✔✔Reflux, aspiration pneumonia, premature removal, infection, drainage
around site
Parenteral Nutrition - ✔✔A method to provide nutrients to the body by an IV route. A complex mixture
containing proteins, carbohydrates, fats, electrolytes, vitamins, trace minerals and sterile water is
administered in a single container.
Indications of Parenteral Nutrition - ✔✔Protein calorie malnutrition, insufficient intake, ability to ingest
food orally or by tube is impaired, unwilling to ingest adequate intake
Administration of Parenteral Nutrition - ✔✔Peripherally (PPN), Centrally (TPN
Complications of Parenteral Nutrition - ✔✔Infection to central line due to increased bacteria on
catheter because of increased sugars
Importance of aseptic technique of catheter port
Peptic Ulcers - ✔✔Erosion of a mucous membrane forms an excavation in the stomach, pylorus,
duodenum or esophagus
Duodenal Ulcers - ✔✔80% of peptic ulcers
Symptoms - hypersecretion of stomach acid, pain occurs 2-3 hours after a meal, ingestion of food
relieves pain, vomiting uncommon, hemorrhage less likely
Risk factors for duodenal ulcers - ✔✔H. pylori, alcohol, smoking
Gastric Ulcers - ✔✔15% of peptic ulcers
Symptoms - normal or hyposecretion of stomach acid, pain 30 min to 1 hour after meal, relieved by
vomiting, ingestion of food does not help, vomiting is common, hemorrhage is more common
Risk factors for gastric ulcers - ✔✔H. Pylori, gastritis, alcohol, smoking, use of NSAIDS - will cause gastric
ulcers not duodenal
Pharmalogical Treatment for Peptic Ulcers - ✔✔Proton pump inhibitors, antibiotics, H2 receptor
antagonists
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
CT Scan - ✔✔More detailed information than an x-ray, cross-sectional images/slices used to detect
abnormalities in the body (tumors, abscesses, abnormal blood vessels)
Ex. bowel obstructions
Barium Swallow - ✔✔X-ray imaging test used to visualize the structures of the esophagus. Used to
diagnose anatomical abnormalities such as esophageal perforation and hiatal hernia.
Abdominal Ultrasound - ✔✔Used to look at organs in the abdomen, including the liver, gallbladder,
spleen, pancreas and kidneys and is used to detect abnormalities.
ERCP - ✔✔Specialized technique used to study the bile ducts, pancreatic duct and gallbladder. Used to
diagnose and treat certain problems of the biliary or pancreatic ductal systems
GERD - ✔✔May occur because of an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter, pyloric stenosis or a
motility disorder
Symptoms of GERD - ✔✔Pyrosis (burning sensation), indigestion, regurgitation, dysphagia
Management of GERD - ✔✔Lifestyle modifications (diet, positioning), no food for 2 hours before bed
Gastric Emptying - proton pump inhibitors and prokinetic agents (drugs that accelerate gastric emptying)
Esophageal Perforation - ✔✔May be caused by trauma or inadvertently during a surgical procedure or
dilation
Diagnosed with x-ray and barium swallow
Symptoms of Esophageal Perforation - ✔✔Pain, dysphagia, fever, high WBC (symptoms of infection),
hypotension
Treatment of Esophageal Perforation - ✔✔Broad-spectrum antibiotics, NPO, surgery may be necessary
May have a G or J tube feeding, could also have TPN (central line)
Hiatal Hernia - ✔✔Opening in the diaphragm where the esophagus passes becomes enlarged - part of
the stomach moves up into the lower portion of the thorax
Diagnosed with X-ray and barium swallow
Sliding Hiatal Hernia - ✔✔Heartburn, regurgitation, dysphagia or asymptommatic
The most common type
Paraesophageal Hiatal Hernia - ✔✔Sense of fullness or chest pain after eating or asymptomatic
Treatment of Hiatal Hernias - ✔✔Do not eat 2 hours before bed, tx like GERD, avoid trigger foods
(caffeine), smaller meals, HOB 30-35 degrees
, G tube - ✔✔A surgical procedure in which an opening is created into the stomach for the purpose of
administering foods and fluids via a feeding tube
Less risk for regurgitation and aspiration
NG tube and G tube - ✔✔Used to decompress stomach fluid or air (rest bowels), lavage the stomach
and remove toxins with NS, administer medications and nutrition
Nursing Implications of NG/G tubes - ✔✔HOB 30-35 degrees to prevent aspiration, residual assessment
(<200 absorbing tube feeds, >200 call physician), preventing dumping syndrome (r/t formula), flush
before removal
Where is the only place you can check residual? - ✔✔Stomach
Complications of NG/G tube - ✔✔Reflux, aspiration pneumonia, premature removal, infection, drainage
around site
Parenteral Nutrition - ✔✔A method to provide nutrients to the body by an IV route. A complex mixture
containing proteins, carbohydrates, fats, electrolytes, vitamins, trace minerals and sterile water is
administered in a single container.
Indications of Parenteral Nutrition - ✔✔Protein calorie malnutrition, insufficient intake, ability to ingest
food orally or by tube is impaired, unwilling to ingest adequate intake
Administration of Parenteral Nutrition - ✔✔Peripherally (PPN), Centrally (TPN
Complications of Parenteral Nutrition - ✔✔Infection to central line due to increased bacteria on
catheter because of increased sugars
Importance of aseptic technique of catheter port
Peptic Ulcers - ✔✔Erosion of a mucous membrane forms an excavation in the stomach, pylorus,
duodenum or esophagus
Duodenal Ulcers - ✔✔80% of peptic ulcers
Symptoms - hypersecretion of stomach acid, pain occurs 2-3 hours after a meal, ingestion of food
relieves pain, vomiting uncommon, hemorrhage less likely
Risk factors for duodenal ulcers - ✔✔H. pylori, alcohol, smoking
Gastric Ulcers - ✔✔15% of peptic ulcers
Symptoms - normal or hyposecretion of stomach acid, pain 30 min to 1 hour after meal, relieved by
vomiting, ingestion of food does not help, vomiting is common, hemorrhage is more common
Risk factors for gastric ulcers - ✔✔H. Pylori, gastritis, alcohol, smoking, use of NSAIDS - will cause gastric
ulcers not duodenal
Pharmalogical Treatment for Peptic Ulcers - ✔✔Proton pump inhibitors, antibiotics, H2 receptor
antagonists
