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1. Which of the following structures/organs is normally located in
the right upper quadrant of the abdomen?
A. Cecum
B. Spleen
C. Appendix
D. Gallbladder
Correct Answer: D. Gallbladder
Rationale: The gallbladder is located in the right upper quadrant
(RUQ) of the abdomen, beneath the liver. The cecum and appendix
are in the right lower quadrant, and the spleen is in the left upper
quadrant.
2. A woman whose mother recently died of breast cancer is
discovered to have a breast tumor and does not return for her follow-
up appointment. Which of the following defense mechanisms is most
likely contributing to the patient's actions?
A. Rationalization
B. Displacement
,C. Repression
D. Denial
Correct Answer: D. Denial
Rationale: Denial is a defense mechanism in which a person refuses
to acknowledge a threatening or painful reality. The patient is likely
denying the seriousness of her condition to avoid the emotional
distress associated with it.
3. Which of the following demonstrates voluntary muscle actions?
A. Peristalsis
B. Heartbeat
C. Flexion
D. Breathing
Correct Answer: C. Flexion
Rationale: Voluntary muscles are skeletal muscles that are under
conscious control. Flexion is a voluntary movement. Peristalsis and
heartbeat are involuntary actions of smooth and cardiac muscle,
respectively. Breathing involves both voluntary and involuntary
control but is primarily involuntary.
4. Which of the following is the most important reason a written
consent is required prior to using e-mail to communicate with a
patient?
A. So the office can receive confirmation of receipt of the e-mail.
B. The office must be sure to have a current e-mail address.
C. E-mail is not considered a secure form of communication.
,D. The patient may not have a computer.
Correct Answer: C. E-mail is not considered a secure form of
communication.
Rationale: E-mail is not a secure form of communication because it
can be intercepted or accessed by unauthorized individuals. Written
consent ensures the patient understands the risks and agrees to
communicate via this method.
5. Which of the following examinations is performed to assess knee
reflex?
A. Palpation
B. Auscultation
C. Percussion
D. Inspection
Correct Answer: C. Percussion
Rationale: Percussion involves tapping on a body surface to elicit
sounds or reflexes. The knee reflex (patellar reflex) is tested by
tapping the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer, which is a form of
percussion.
6. Which of the following substances may result in black stools when
taken in therapeutic doses?
A. Iron
B. Vitamin C
C. Calcium
D. Vitamin D
, Correct Answer: A. Iron
Rationale: Iron supplements are known to cause black or dark-
colored stools as a common side effect. This occurs because
unabsorbed iron combines with sulfur in the gastrointestinal tract to
form iron sulfide, which gives the stool a black color.
7. Which of the following can only be detected in urine by
microscopic examination?
A. Bilirubin
B. Glucose
C. Protein
D. Casts
Correct Answer: D. Casts
Rationale: Urinary casts are cylindrical structures formed in the renal
tubules and are only visible under a microscope. Bilirubin, glucose,
and protein can be detected using chemical reagent strips (dipsticks).
8. Which of the following is a description for the term "alopecia"?
A. Loss of epidermis
B. Absence of hair
C. Abnormal hairiness
D. Depigmentation of the skin
Correct Answer: B. Absence of hair