NURS 231/NURS231 Module 3 V1 |
Pathophysiology Q&A with Rationale | Portage
Learning
1. Which of the following describes the vascular stage of acute inflammation?
A. The production of memory B-lymphocytes
B. Migration of neutrophils to the injury site
C. The formation of a granuloma around the pathogen
D. Vasoconstriction followed by rapid vasodilation
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: In the vascular stage of acute inflammation, there is a brief period of
vasoconstriction followed by significant vasodilation. This increase in blood flow causes the
redness and warmth associated with the site of injury. Increased capillary permeability
also allows protein-rich fluid to leak into the extravascular space, leading to localized
swelling or edema.
2. A patient presents with a fever, and the nurse explains that pyrogens are responsible.
What is the primary role of pyrogens in the inflammatory response?
A. To decrease the production of white blood cells
B. To increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier
C. To act on the hypothalamus to reset the body’s thermostat
,D. To cause local tissue necrosis at the site of infection
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Pyrogens are substances that cause fever by acting directly on the
hypothalamus to increase the set point of body temperature. They can be exogenous, such
as bacterial toxins, or endogenous, such as cytokines like interleukin-1. This systemic
response is intended to create an environment that is less hospitable to pathogens and to
speed up metabolic processes for tissue repair.
3. Which type of exudate is characterized by a high concentration of red blood cells and
indicates severe tissue injury?
A. Serous exudate
B. Purulent exudate
C. Fibrinous exudate
D. Hemorrhagic exudate
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Hemorrhagic exudate occurs when there is significant leakage of red blood
cells from the capillaries into the surrounding tissue. This usually signifies severe tissue
damage or injury to the blood vessels themselves. It is distinct from serous exudate, which
is watery, or purulent exudate, which contains pus and cellular debris.
, 4. Which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for the immediate vasodilation and
increased capillary permeability seen in acute inflammation?
A. Leukotrienes
B. Prostaglandins
C. Cytokines
D. Histamine
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Histamine is one of the first mediators released from mast cells during an
acute inflammatory response. It causes immediate vasodilation and increases the
permeability of venules, allowing for the rapid transit of fluids and cells. While
prostaglandins and leukotrienes also play roles in later stages, histamine is the primary
driver of the initial vascular response.
5. What is the hallmark characteristic of chronic inflammation that differentiates it from
acute inflammation?
A. Rapid onset and short duration
B. Presence of neutrophils as the primary cell type
C. Infiltration by macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts
D. Immediate resolution without tissue scarring
Correct Answer: C
Pathophysiology Q&A with Rationale | Portage
Learning
1. Which of the following describes the vascular stage of acute inflammation?
A. The production of memory B-lymphocytes
B. Migration of neutrophils to the injury site
C. The formation of a granuloma around the pathogen
D. Vasoconstriction followed by rapid vasodilation
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: In the vascular stage of acute inflammation, there is a brief period of
vasoconstriction followed by significant vasodilation. This increase in blood flow causes the
redness and warmth associated with the site of injury. Increased capillary permeability
also allows protein-rich fluid to leak into the extravascular space, leading to localized
swelling or edema.
2. A patient presents with a fever, and the nurse explains that pyrogens are responsible.
What is the primary role of pyrogens in the inflammatory response?
A. To decrease the production of white blood cells
B. To increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier
C. To act on the hypothalamus to reset the body’s thermostat
,D. To cause local tissue necrosis at the site of infection
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Pyrogens are substances that cause fever by acting directly on the
hypothalamus to increase the set point of body temperature. They can be exogenous, such
as bacterial toxins, or endogenous, such as cytokines like interleukin-1. This systemic
response is intended to create an environment that is less hospitable to pathogens and to
speed up metabolic processes for tissue repair.
3. Which type of exudate is characterized by a high concentration of red blood cells and
indicates severe tissue injury?
A. Serous exudate
B. Purulent exudate
C. Fibrinous exudate
D. Hemorrhagic exudate
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Hemorrhagic exudate occurs when there is significant leakage of red blood
cells from the capillaries into the surrounding tissue. This usually signifies severe tissue
damage or injury to the blood vessels themselves. It is distinct from serous exudate, which
is watery, or purulent exudate, which contains pus and cellular debris.
, 4. Which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for the immediate vasodilation and
increased capillary permeability seen in acute inflammation?
A. Leukotrienes
B. Prostaglandins
C. Cytokines
D. Histamine
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Histamine is one of the first mediators released from mast cells during an
acute inflammatory response. It causes immediate vasodilation and increases the
permeability of venules, allowing for the rapid transit of fluids and cells. While
prostaglandins and leukotrienes also play roles in later stages, histamine is the primary
driver of the initial vascular response.
5. What is the hallmark characteristic of chronic inflammation that differentiates it from
acute inflammation?
A. Rapid onset and short duration
B. Presence of neutrophils as the primary cell type
C. Infiltration by macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts
D. Immediate resolution without tissue scarring
Correct Answer: C
