ELEMENTARY STATISTICS FINAL EXAM
FINAL PAPER TESTED QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE ANSWER KEY
●● Sample
Answer: A subset of the population used to make conclusions about the
population.
●● Parameter
Answer: A numerical measurement describing a population, usually
represented by Greek letters.
●● Statistic
Answer: A numerical measurement describing a sample, usually
represented by letters like x-bar, s, or p-hat.
●● Statistical significance
Answer: A result is statistically significant if it is unlikely to occur by
random chance under the assumed condition.
●● Simple random sample
Answer: A sample selected so every possible sample of the same size
has an equal chance of being chosen.
,●● Systematic sample
Answer: A sample chosen by selecting every kth member after a random
starting point.
●● Stratified sample
Answer: A sample chosen by dividing the population into groups, then
sampling from each group.
●● Cluster sample
Answer: A sample chosen by dividing the population into groups,
randomly selecting some groups, then using all members in those
groups.
●● Observational study
Answer: A study where researchers observe or measure without applying
a treatment.
●● Experiment
Answer: A study where researchers apply a treatment and observe the
response.
●● Confounding
, Answer: A situation where the effect of one variable cannot be separated
from the effect of another variable.
●● Qualitative data
Answer: Categorical data that describe labels or qualities.
●● Quantitative data
Answer: Numerical data that represent counts or measurements.
●● Discrete data
Answer: Quantitative data with countable values, often whole numbers.
●● Continuous data
Answer: Quantitative data with infinitely many possible values on a
scale.
●● Nominal level
Answer: Data categories with names only; no natural order.
●● Ordinal level
Answer: Data categories with a meaningful order, but differences are not
meaningful.
FINAL PAPER TESTED QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE ANSWER KEY
●● Sample
Answer: A subset of the population used to make conclusions about the
population.
●● Parameter
Answer: A numerical measurement describing a population, usually
represented by Greek letters.
●● Statistic
Answer: A numerical measurement describing a sample, usually
represented by letters like x-bar, s, or p-hat.
●● Statistical significance
Answer: A result is statistically significant if it is unlikely to occur by
random chance under the assumed condition.
●● Simple random sample
Answer: A sample selected so every possible sample of the same size
has an equal chance of being chosen.
,●● Systematic sample
Answer: A sample chosen by selecting every kth member after a random
starting point.
●● Stratified sample
Answer: A sample chosen by dividing the population into groups, then
sampling from each group.
●● Cluster sample
Answer: A sample chosen by dividing the population into groups,
randomly selecting some groups, then using all members in those
groups.
●● Observational study
Answer: A study where researchers observe or measure without applying
a treatment.
●● Experiment
Answer: A study where researchers apply a treatment and observe the
response.
●● Confounding
, Answer: A situation where the effect of one variable cannot be separated
from the effect of another variable.
●● Qualitative data
Answer: Categorical data that describe labels or qualities.
●● Quantitative data
Answer: Numerical data that represent counts or measurements.
●● Discrete data
Answer: Quantitative data with countable values, often whole numbers.
●● Continuous data
Answer: Quantitative data with infinitely many possible values on a
scale.
●● Nominal level
Answer: Data categories with names only; no natural order.
●● Ordinal level
Answer: Data categories with a meaningful order, but differences are not
meaningful.
