HIST 2300 FINAL EXAM – TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY HISTORY STUDY GUIDE &
EXAM REVIEW 2026/2027
Market Revolution - ✔✔Umbrella term for the many economic and social changes that took place
between 1812 and the 1860's. People buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves
American system - ✔✔Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national
bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the
economy.
Internal improvements - ✔✔federal projects such as canals and roads, to develop the nation's
transportation system.
Second national bank - ✔✔National Bank established in 1816 to curb rampant currency speculations.
Dartmouth college v. Woodward - ✔✔1819--New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth
College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract
clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.
Gibbons v. Ogden - ✔✔(1824) U.S. Supreme Court decision reinforcing the "commerce clause'' (the
federal government's right to regulate interstate commerce) of the Constitution; Chief Justice John
Marshall ruled against the State of New York's granting of steamboat monopolies.
John C. Calhoun - ✔✔7th Vice President of the United States and a leading Southern politician from
South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century; helps recharter the national bank. was an
advocate of slavery, states' rights, limited government, and nullification
Monroe doctrine - ✔✔(1823) A political policy of the United States by President James Monroe that
states the Western Hemisphere is closed to European interference. Any attempt to colonize will be
viewed as hostile.
Turnpike era - ✔✔TIme during 1790s to 1820s where most Americans relied on private toll roads for
internal transportation and trade.
Cumberland road - ✔✔A national road that stretched from Maryland to Illinois. It was the first
national/interstate highway, and it was a milestone for the eventual connection of all the states by
highways, thus increasing trade.
Canal Era - ✔✔(1825-1850), Period of time when the Erie canal caused the exponential growth of New
York.
Erie Canal - ✔✔A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The
canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus
crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.
, Steamboat era - ✔✔1810-1815 Reluctant to invest in transportation improvements, inventors in the
south finally came out with the steam engine, which made travel by river much faster and profitable for
trade.
Railroad era - ✔✔Railroads began to be built all across America mainly east to west, By 1860 over
30,000 miles of railroad were built. Increased trade within the United States. More convenient than
travel by Canal's because it is faster and railroad tracks do not freeze over.
Communication Revolution - ✔✔The telegraph was created making it insanely fast to send messages all
across the United States. Made it easier to pass along news, changes in prices, ect.
Samuel F. B. Morse - ✔✔(1791-1872) American artist and inventor, he applied scientists' discoveries of
electricity and magnetism to develop the telegraph, which soon sent messages all across the country.
Land act of 1820 - ✔✔Authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre;
passed to encourage people to move out west.
Eli Whitney - ✔✔An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept
of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged
Tallmadge Amendment - ✔✔Proposed slave ban in Missouri Territory, called for emancipation of
children born to slave parents; bill was defeated.
Missouri Compromise - ✔✔"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided
Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th
parallel were free states and all South were slave states.
Putting out system - ✔✔Division of labor in which large manufacturers would pay one family to
perform one task, then pass the item on to the next family or artisan to perform the next task
Samuel Slater - ✔✔(1768-1835) English industrialist who brought a design for a textile mill to America,
he is considered the founder of the American cotton industry.
Lowell System - ✔✔A labor and production model for manufacturing textiles that, for the first time,
brought all stages of textile production under one roof, with employees living near the factory in
employee housing; featured mostly females seeking to earn wages before getting married.
Great Irish Famine - ✔✔1840s-period of starvation in Ireland when there was not enough food because
the potato crop failed; many Irish people immigrated to the US as a result
Workingmen's party - ✔✔Union of laborers, made up from citywide assemblies, that formed in 1828;
eventually spread through fifteen states
National Trade Union - ✔✔First large scale trade Union in the United States, formed in 1834
Second Great Awakening - ✔✔A second religious fervor that swept the nation. It converted more than
the first. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement,
and moral reasoning against slavery. lasted from 1790-1840
EXAM REVIEW 2026/2027
Market Revolution - ✔✔Umbrella term for the many economic and social changes that took place
between 1812 and the 1860's. People buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves
American system - ✔✔Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national
bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the
economy.
Internal improvements - ✔✔federal projects such as canals and roads, to develop the nation's
transportation system.
Second national bank - ✔✔National Bank established in 1816 to curb rampant currency speculations.
Dartmouth college v. Woodward - ✔✔1819--New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth
College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract
clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.
Gibbons v. Ogden - ✔✔(1824) U.S. Supreme Court decision reinforcing the "commerce clause'' (the
federal government's right to regulate interstate commerce) of the Constitution; Chief Justice John
Marshall ruled against the State of New York's granting of steamboat monopolies.
John C. Calhoun - ✔✔7th Vice President of the United States and a leading Southern politician from
South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century; helps recharter the national bank. was an
advocate of slavery, states' rights, limited government, and nullification
Monroe doctrine - ✔✔(1823) A political policy of the United States by President James Monroe that
states the Western Hemisphere is closed to European interference. Any attempt to colonize will be
viewed as hostile.
Turnpike era - ✔✔TIme during 1790s to 1820s where most Americans relied on private toll roads for
internal transportation and trade.
Cumberland road - ✔✔A national road that stretched from Maryland to Illinois. It was the first
national/interstate highway, and it was a milestone for the eventual connection of all the states by
highways, thus increasing trade.
Canal Era - ✔✔(1825-1850), Period of time when the Erie canal caused the exponential growth of New
York.
Erie Canal - ✔✔A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The
canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus
crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.
, Steamboat era - ✔✔1810-1815 Reluctant to invest in transportation improvements, inventors in the
south finally came out with the steam engine, which made travel by river much faster and profitable for
trade.
Railroad era - ✔✔Railroads began to be built all across America mainly east to west, By 1860 over
30,000 miles of railroad were built. Increased trade within the United States. More convenient than
travel by Canal's because it is faster and railroad tracks do not freeze over.
Communication Revolution - ✔✔The telegraph was created making it insanely fast to send messages all
across the United States. Made it easier to pass along news, changes in prices, ect.
Samuel F. B. Morse - ✔✔(1791-1872) American artist and inventor, he applied scientists' discoveries of
electricity and magnetism to develop the telegraph, which soon sent messages all across the country.
Land act of 1820 - ✔✔Authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre;
passed to encourage people to move out west.
Eli Whitney - ✔✔An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept
of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged
Tallmadge Amendment - ✔✔Proposed slave ban in Missouri Territory, called for emancipation of
children born to slave parents; bill was defeated.
Missouri Compromise - ✔✔"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided
Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th
parallel were free states and all South were slave states.
Putting out system - ✔✔Division of labor in which large manufacturers would pay one family to
perform one task, then pass the item on to the next family or artisan to perform the next task
Samuel Slater - ✔✔(1768-1835) English industrialist who brought a design for a textile mill to America,
he is considered the founder of the American cotton industry.
Lowell System - ✔✔A labor and production model for manufacturing textiles that, for the first time,
brought all stages of textile production under one roof, with employees living near the factory in
employee housing; featured mostly females seeking to earn wages before getting married.
Great Irish Famine - ✔✔1840s-period of starvation in Ireland when there was not enough food because
the potato crop failed; many Irish people immigrated to the US as a result
Workingmen's party - ✔✔Union of laborers, made up from citywide assemblies, that formed in 1828;
eventually spread through fifteen states
National Trade Union - ✔✔First large scale trade Union in the United States, formed in 1834
Second Great Awakening - ✔✔A second religious fervor that swept the nation. It converted more than
the first. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement,
and moral reasoning against slavery. lasted from 1790-1840
