Nursing
Research
Sampling in research may be defined as:
a. insurance that each person has a chance of being included in the study.
b. establishment of criteria for eligibility to participate in a study.
D
c. identification of the population in which the researcher is interested.
d. selection of a subset of a population to represent the whole population. - answer-
O
ANS: D
Sampling involves selecting a group of people, events, behaviors, or other elements
N
with which to conduct a study. Samples are expected to represent a population of
O
people.
T
A researcher is interested in studying lifestyle management in patients with
inflammatory bowel disease. The researcher contacts the Crohn's and Colitis
C
Foundation of America to determine how to best access this patient population. Patients
O
with inflammatory bowel disease are an example of which of the following?
PY
a. Accessible population
b. Element
c. Sample
d. Target population - answer-ANS: D
The target population is the entire set of individuals who meet the sampling criteria.
Subjects who participate in a study of patients with inflammatory bowel disease are
described as the:
a. accessible population.
b. element.
c. sample.
d. target population. - answer-ANS: C
A sample is that group of people who are representing the entire population and
participating in the study. Samples are expected to represent an entire population.
,The Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America referred the interested researcher to a
local chapter of the organization. The local chapter agreed to send out letters on behalf
of the researcher inviting potential subjects to contact the researcher if they are willing
to participate in a study. Potential subjects in this situation would be described as the:
a. accessible population.
b. element.
c. sample.
d. target population. - answer-ANS: A
An accessible population is the portion of the target population to which the researcher
has reasonable access.
The population from which the researcher selects the actual study sample is referred to
as the:
a. accessible population.
b. scientific population.
D
c. target population.
d. theoretical population. - answer-ANS: A
O
An accessible population is the portion of the target population to which the researcher
has reasonable access. The sample is obtained from the accessible population.
N
O
In a study of liver transplant recipients, the researcher specifies that the subjects must
be 18 years of age or older and the recipient of only one liver transplant. These criteria
T
are an example of:
C
a. demographic attributes.
O
b. exclusion criteria.
c. extraneous variables.
PY
d. inclusion criteria. - answer-ANS: D
Inclusion criteria are those characteristics that the subject or element must possess to
be part of the target population.
The adequacy of a sample would be primarily based on which of the following criteria?
a. Method chosen for sample selection
b. Representativeness of the population
c. Size of the total population
d. Willingness of subjects to participate - answer-ANS: B
A sample needs to be representative in terms of characteristics, such as age, gender,
ethnicity, income, and education
A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population from which it is
drawn is a:
a. cluster sample.
,b. purposive sample.
c. random sample.
d. representative sample. - answer-ANS: D
Representativeness means that the sample, accessible population, and target
population are alike in as many ways as possible.
Sample attrition would be reflected by the:
a. average death rate of the population under study.
b. inability to access identified members of a population.
c. number of patients who die while participating in a study.
d. number of patients who drop out of a study. - answer-ANS: D
Sample attrition or mortality is the withdrawal or loss of subjects from a study
The term "comparison group" in research refers to the group of patients in a:
a. nonrandom sample who do not receive a treatment.
D
b. nonrandom sample who receive a treatment.
c. random sample who do not receive a treatment.
O
d. random sample who receive a treatment. - answer-ANS: A
If nonrandom methods are used for sample selection, the group not receiving a
N
treatment is referred to as a comparison group.
O
Which of the following would be the best method for randomly assigning subjects (n =
T
40) to treatment (n = 20) and control (n = 20) groups in an intervention study? Assign
numbers to all subjects and:
C
O
a. ignore numbers; group the subjects by diagnosis or physician.
b. place the first 20 subjects in one group and the last in the other.
PY
c. put even-numbered subjects in one group, odd numbered in the other.
d. put numbers 1 to 40 in a box and blindly draw from the box. - answer-ANS: D
In the approach described, all 40 of the subjects have an equal chance of being
assigned to either the treatment group or the control group.
Which of the following is true about probability sampling? Probability sampling:
a. can take different forms, but random selection is always used.
b. is the most economical way to get large numbers of subjects.
c. guarantees that the sample is representative.
d. subjects are handpicked because they have the expertise to provide information for
the study. - answer-ANS: A
Random sampling allows each individual in the population an opportunity to be selected
for the sample.
Another name for probability sampling is:
, a. accidental sampling.
b. purposive sampling.
c. quota sampling.
d. random sampling. - answer-ANS: D
In probability sampling, every member of the population has a probability higher than
zero of being selected for the sample. To achieve this probability, the sample is
obtained randomly.
The researcher is to select a set of five subjects using a random numbers table. The
selected population is 50. The researcher's pencil was initially placed on the second
column from the left and third row down. The decision is to move across the columns to
the right.
06 84 10 22 56 72 25 70 69 43
07 63 10 34 66 39 54 02 33 85
03 19 63 93 72 52 13 30 44 40
77 32 69 58 25 15 55 38 19 62
20 01 94 54 66 88 43 91 34 28
D
The subject numbers will be:
O
a. 13, 30, 44, 40, 32
b. 19, 38, 55, 15, 25
N
c. 19, 63, 93, 72, 52
O
d. 33, 02, 54, 39, 66 - answer-ANS: C
T
Which of the following statements is true about stratified random sampling?
C
a. Allows the researcher to use a smaller sample size
O
b. Ensures obtaining a larger sample at lower cost
c. Internal validity is strengthened with this type of sampling
PY
d. Involves the selection of certain subjects from a convenience sample - answer-ANS:
A
With stratification, the researcher can use a smaller sample size and achieve the same
degree of representativeness in relation to the stratified variable as a large sample
acquired through simple random sampling.
Cluster sampling is:
a. a form of nonprobability sampling used in small surveys.
b. also known as multistage sampling.
c. unlikely to result in sampling errors.
d. useful when the target population is found in a small geographical area. - answer-
ANS: B
Both terms, cluster sampling and multistage sampling, have the same meaning in
sampling methods.
Research
Sampling in research may be defined as:
a. insurance that each person has a chance of being included in the study.
b. establishment of criteria for eligibility to participate in a study.
D
c. identification of the population in which the researcher is interested.
d. selection of a subset of a population to represent the whole population. - answer-
O
ANS: D
Sampling involves selecting a group of people, events, behaviors, or other elements
N
with which to conduct a study. Samples are expected to represent a population of
O
people.
T
A researcher is interested in studying lifestyle management in patients with
inflammatory bowel disease. The researcher contacts the Crohn's and Colitis
C
Foundation of America to determine how to best access this patient population. Patients
O
with inflammatory bowel disease are an example of which of the following?
PY
a. Accessible population
b. Element
c. Sample
d. Target population - answer-ANS: D
The target population is the entire set of individuals who meet the sampling criteria.
Subjects who participate in a study of patients with inflammatory bowel disease are
described as the:
a. accessible population.
b. element.
c. sample.
d. target population. - answer-ANS: C
A sample is that group of people who are representing the entire population and
participating in the study. Samples are expected to represent an entire population.
,The Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America referred the interested researcher to a
local chapter of the organization. The local chapter agreed to send out letters on behalf
of the researcher inviting potential subjects to contact the researcher if they are willing
to participate in a study. Potential subjects in this situation would be described as the:
a. accessible population.
b. element.
c. sample.
d. target population. - answer-ANS: A
An accessible population is the portion of the target population to which the researcher
has reasonable access.
The population from which the researcher selects the actual study sample is referred to
as the:
a. accessible population.
b. scientific population.
D
c. target population.
d. theoretical population. - answer-ANS: A
O
An accessible population is the portion of the target population to which the researcher
has reasonable access. The sample is obtained from the accessible population.
N
O
In a study of liver transplant recipients, the researcher specifies that the subjects must
be 18 years of age or older and the recipient of only one liver transplant. These criteria
T
are an example of:
C
a. demographic attributes.
O
b. exclusion criteria.
c. extraneous variables.
PY
d. inclusion criteria. - answer-ANS: D
Inclusion criteria are those characteristics that the subject or element must possess to
be part of the target population.
The adequacy of a sample would be primarily based on which of the following criteria?
a. Method chosen for sample selection
b. Representativeness of the population
c. Size of the total population
d. Willingness of subjects to participate - answer-ANS: B
A sample needs to be representative in terms of characteristics, such as age, gender,
ethnicity, income, and education
A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population from which it is
drawn is a:
a. cluster sample.
,b. purposive sample.
c. random sample.
d. representative sample. - answer-ANS: D
Representativeness means that the sample, accessible population, and target
population are alike in as many ways as possible.
Sample attrition would be reflected by the:
a. average death rate of the population under study.
b. inability to access identified members of a population.
c. number of patients who die while participating in a study.
d. number of patients who drop out of a study. - answer-ANS: D
Sample attrition or mortality is the withdrawal or loss of subjects from a study
The term "comparison group" in research refers to the group of patients in a:
a. nonrandom sample who do not receive a treatment.
D
b. nonrandom sample who receive a treatment.
c. random sample who do not receive a treatment.
O
d. random sample who receive a treatment. - answer-ANS: A
If nonrandom methods are used for sample selection, the group not receiving a
N
treatment is referred to as a comparison group.
O
Which of the following would be the best method for randomly assigning subjects (n =
T
40) to treatment (n = 20) and control (n = 20) groups in an intervention study? Assign
numbers to all subjects and:
C
O
a. ignore numbers; group the subjects by diagnosis or physician.
b. place the first 20 subjects in one group and the last in the other.
PY
c. put even-numbered subjects in one group, odd numbered in the other.
d. put numbers 1 to 40 in a box and blindly draw from the box. - answer-ANS: D
In the approach described, all 40 of the subjects have an equal chance of being
assigned to either the treatment group or the control group.
Which of the following is true about probability sampling? Probability sampling:
a. can take different forms, but random selection is always used.
b. is the most economical way to get large numbers of subjects.
c. guarantees that the sample is representative.
d. subjects are handpicked because they have the expertise to provide information for
the study. - answer-ANS: A
Random sampling allows each individual in the population an opportunity to be selected
for the sample.
Another name for probability sampling is:
, a. accidental sampling.
b. purposive sampling.
c. quota sampling.
d. random sampling. - answer-ANS: D
In probability sampling, every member of the population has a probability higher than
zero of being selected for the sample. To achieve this probability, the sample is
obtained randomly.
The researcher is to select a set of five subjects using a random numbers table. The
selected population is 50. The researcher's pencil was initially placed on the second
column from the left and third row down. The decision is to move across the columns to
the right.
06 84 10 22 56 72 25 70 69 43
07 63 10 34 66 39 54 02 33 85
03 19 63 93 72 52 13 30 44 40
77 32 69 58 25 15 55 38 19 62
20 01 94 54 66 88 43 91 34 28
D
The subject numbers will be:
O
a. 13, 30, 44, 40, 32
b. 19, 38, 55, 15, 25
N
c. 19, 63, 93, 72, 52
O
d. 33, 02, 54, 39, 66 - answer-ANS: C
T
Which of the following statements is true about stratified random sampling?
C
a. Allows the researcher to use a smaller sample size
O
b. Ensures obtaining a larger sample at lower cost
c. Internal validity is strengthened with this type of sampling
PY
d. Involves the selection of certain subjects from a convenience sample - answer-ANS:
A
With stratification, the researcher can use a smaller sample size and achieve the same
degree of representativeness in relation to the stratified variable as a large sample
acquired through simple random sampling.
Cluster sampling is:
a. a form of nonprobability sampling used in small surveys.
b. also known as multistage sampling.
c. unlikely to result in sampling errors.
d. useful when the target population is found in a small geographical area. - answer-
ANS: B
Both terms, cluster sampling and multistage sampling, have the same meaning in
sampling methods.
