FINAL EXAMINATION PAPER km km
km WGU D094 km
STUDENT NAME: ________________________________
km km DATE: _____________ km
COURSE: Child Development Final Exam
km km km km TIME: _____________ km
EXAM CODE: WGU D094-101
km km km
EXAM INSTRUCTIONS:
km
1. Print your full name and date clearly in the header above.
km km km km km km km km km km km
2. This exam booklet contains both Test Questions (Part I) and Verified Solutions (Part II).
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
3. Answer all multiple-choice questions clearly. Double-check your work.
km km km km km km km km
4. Do not break the seal or open this booklet until instructed to do so by the proctor.
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
Q1. How do the cognitive requirements of a sense of self and a set of standards differ for t
kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
hese emotions: embarrassment, empathy, pride, shame, and guilt?
km km km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: Embarrassment and empathy: sense of self as a separate person Pride, shame, a
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km
nd guilt: standards, rules, and goals as well as the sense of self as a separate person
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
Q2. Lewis et al. asked children to complete puzzles and unbeknownst to the child varied th
kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
e amount of time they had to complete the puzzle. How did children respond when they suc
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
ceeded at these tasks? When they failed?
km km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: Success: showed pride and happiness (jumped, threw hands in air, etc) Failure:
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km k
mshowed shame and embarrassment (dropped head, hunched shoulders, sad/blank expression)
km km km km km km km km km
Q3. How do shame and guilt differ? How are they related to prosocial behavior?
kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: Shame: accepting failure in terms of fulfilling standards, rules, and goals, core
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km
self as bad, wish to hide/disappear Guilt: accepting failure in terms of fulfilling standards, rules, and
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
goals, action as bad (focus on specific action rather than totality of self), action pattern directed outw
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
ard toward reparation -
km km km
Shame is considered an inhibitor of prosocial behavior whereas guilt is considered a motivator
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
Q4. How did Drummond et al distinguish shame-prone and guilt-
kmkm km km km km km km km km
prone toddlers in their experiment with the climbing monkey?
km km km km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: Child shown adult's favorite toy, adult lets child play with toy, toy breaks as s
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
oon as child plays with it Children experienced both shame and guilt Shame prone: averted gaze fro
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
m adult, seldom confess, seldom try to fix toy Guilt-
km km km km km km km km km
prone: seldom avoid adult, often confess, often try to repair toy
km km km km km km km km km km
,Q5. How did Drummond et al measure instrumental helping in their experiment with the cl
kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km
imbing monkey? km
[Verified Solution]: E "accidentally" drops sticks on the floor, help by handing sticks to E E opens
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km km k
mcabinet and papers fall out, help by picking up papers - Both groups had high levels of helping
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
Q6. How did Drummond et al test empathetic helping in their experiment with the climbin
kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km
g monkey?
km
[Verified Solution]: Blanket task: E pretends to be cold and put blanket on then leaves blanket on
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
floor and goes somewhere else and pretends to shiver, help by bringing blanket to E Sad task: E sho
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
ws that toy makes him happy, gets phone call that makes him sad, help by bringing toy -
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
More helping from guilt-prone than shame-prone children
km km km km km km km
Q7. Were there any differences in what the shame-prone and guilt-
kmkm km km km km km km km km km
prone toddlers did in these situations?
km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: Both groups had high levels of instrumental helping More empathetic helping f
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km
rom guilt-prone than shame-prone children
km km km km
Q8. What parenting practices elicit shame?
kmkm km km km km
[Verified Solution]: Parental practices that emphasize the child rather than the act "You're a bad ch
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km
ild" Publicly humiliate the child
km km km km
Q9. What parenting practices elicit guilt?
kmkm km km km km
[Verified Solution]: Parental practices that emphasize the 'badness' of the behavior "You did a bad
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km
thing" Help child understand consequences their actions have for others Teach them to repair the da
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
mage Communicate love and respect while disciplining the child
km km km km km km km km
Q10. What is the essence of collaboration?
kmkm km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: Means acting as "equals" Both have the power to derail the joint activity Partn
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km
ers can switch roles
km km km
Q11. Provide examples of two-year-olds collaborating? Do they like to do so?
kmkm km km km km km km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: Two year old playing with the experimenter to lift up the cylinder to the other
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km km k
mperson can grab the toy Yes they want to collaborate
km km km km km km km km km
, Q12. For Tomasello, the three-year-
kmkm km km km
olds moral sense is rooted in cooperative activity. How are these social interactions transfor
km km km km km km km km km km km km km
med as children develop a moral sense?
km km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: Social interactions transformed -
km kmkm km km km
emerging understanding of and respect for moral standards Obligation to one's partner Treat others f
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
airly Need to conform to rules Feel guilty when don't do these things
km km km km km km km km km km km km
Q13. Tomasello presented children with different games where they had to work together t
kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km
o win a prize (marbles or a chance to work the jiggle machine). What age-
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
related changes did he see in children's performance on these tasks?
km km km km km km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: 92% of 2.5 year olds stopped when they got the block and both went to toy w
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
ith one block 3.5 year olds kept pushing until their partner got a block too
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
Q14. Is there any reason to believe that young children are sensitive to rules? Explain.
kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: Yes, because if they see a puppet that starts to destroy someone's property, 3 y
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
r olds will intervene If a puppet starts to play a game the wrong way, 3 yr olds will intervene
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
Q15. Describe some of the experiences that facilitate moral development.
kmkm km km km km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: - Noting the effects of one's actions on others -
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km
Vicarious learning: watching as as adult helps her, watching other children help each other -
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
Intentional socialization and instruction -
km km km km km
After 3 yrs of age interactions with peers involving reciprocity/perspective-
km km km km km km km km km km
taking and adult normative instruction also help with moral development
km km km km km km km km km
Q16. What are some of the ways a parent might respond to a child's wrongdoing?
kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: - km kmkm
Love withdrawal: withholding attention, affection, or approval after a child misbehaves -
km km km km km km km km km km km km
Power assertion: using power to threaten, chastise, spank, or take away privileges (forceful "no" or r
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
eprimand can also work) - km km km km
Induction: explaining to a child why the behavior is wrong and should be changed by emphasizing
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
how it affects other people
km km km km
Q17. What parenting practice seems to most effective for promoting moral reasoning?
kmkm km km km km km km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: Induction is associated with more mature moral reasoning
km kmkm km km km km km km km
km WGU D094 km
STUDENT NAME: ________________________________
km km DATE: _____________ km
COURSE: Child Development Final Exam
km km km km TIME: _____________ km
EXAM CODE: WGU D094-101
km km km
EXAM INSTRUCTIONS:
km
1. Print your full name and date clearly in the header above.
km km km km km km km km km km km
2. This exam booklet contains both Test Questions (Part I) and Verified Solutions (Part II).
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
3. Answer all multiple-choice questions clearly. Double-check your work.
km km km km km km km km
4. Do not break the seal or open this booklet until instructed to do so by the proctor.
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
Q1. How do the cognitive requirements of a sense of self and a set of standards differ for t
kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
hese emotions: embarrassment, empathy, pride, shame, and guilt?
km km km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: Embarrassment and empathy: sense of self as a separate person Pride, shame, a
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km
nd guilt: standards, rules, and goals as well as the sense of self as a separate person
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
Q2. Lewis et al. asked children to complete puzzles and unbeknownst to the child varied th
kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
e amount of time they had to complete the puzzle. How did children respond when they suc
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
ceeded at these tasks? When they failed?
km km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: Success: showed pride and happiness (jumped, threw hands in air, etc) Failure:
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km k
mshowed shame and embarrassment (dropped head, hunched shoulders, sad/blank expression)
km km km km km km km km km
Q3. How do shame and guilt differ? How are they related to prosocial behavior?
kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: Shame: accepting failure in terms of fulfilling standards, rules, and goals, core
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km
self as bad, wish to hide/disappear Guilt: accepting failure in terms of fulfilling standards, rules, and
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
goals, action as bad (focus on specific action rather than totality of self), action pattern directed outw
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
ard toward reparation -
km km km
Shame is considered an inhibitor of prosocial behavior whereas guilt is considered a motivator
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
Q4. How did Drummond et al distinguish shame-prone and guilt-
kmkm km km km km km km km km
prone toddlers in their experiment with the climbing monkey?
km km km km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: Child shown adult's favorite toy, adult lets child play with toy, toy breaks as s
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
oon as child plays with it Children experienced both shame and guilt Shame prone: averted gaze fro
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
m adult, seldom confess, seldom try to fix toy Guilt-
km km km km km km km km km
prone: seldom avoid adult, often confess, often try to repair toy
km km km km km km km km km km
,Q5. How did Drummond et al measure instrumental helping in their experiment with the cl
kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km
imbing monkey? km
[Verified Solution]: E "accidentally" drops sticks on the floor, help by handing sticks to E E opens
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km km k
mcabinet and papers fall out, help by picking up papers - Both groups had high levels of helping
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
Q6. How did Drummond et al test empathetic helping in their experiment with the climbin
kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km
g monkey?
km
[Verified Solution]: Blanket task: E pretends to be cold and put blanket on then leaves blanket on
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
floor and goes somewhere else and pretends to shiver, help by bringing blanket to E Sad task: E sho
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
ws that toy makes him happy, gets phone call that makes him sad, help by bringing toy -
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
More helping from guilt-prone than shame-prone children
km km km km km km km
Q7. Were there any differences in what the shame-prone and guilt-
kmkm km km km km km km km km km
prone toddlers did in these situations?
km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: Both groups had high levels of instrumental helping More empathetic helping f
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km
rom guilt-prone than shame-prone children
km km km km
Q8. What parenting practices elicit shame?
kmkm km km km km
[Verified Solution]: Parental practices that emphasize the child rather than the act "You're a bad ch
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km
ild" Publicly humiliate the child
km km km km
Q9. What parenting practices elicit guilt?
kmkm km km km km
[Verified Solution]: Parental practices that emphasize the 'badness' of the behavior "You did a bad
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km
thing" Help child understand consequences their actions have for others Teach them to repair the da
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
mage Communicate love and respect while disciplining the child
km km km km km km km km
Q10. What is the essence of collaboration?
kmkm km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: Means acting as "equals" Both have the power to derail the joint activity Partn
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km
ers can switch roles
km km km
Q11. Provide examples of two-year-olds collaborating? Do they like to do so?
kmkm km km km km km km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: Two year old playing with the experimenter to lift up the cylinder to the other
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km km k
mperson can grab the toy Yes they want to collaborate
km km km km km km km km km
, Q12. For Tomasello, the three-year-
kmkm km km km
olds moral sense is rooted in cooperative activity. How are these social interactions transfor
km km km km km km km km km km km km km
med as children develop a moral sense?
km km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: Social interactions transformed -
km kmkm km km km
emerging understanding of and respect for moral standards Obligation to one's partner Treat others f
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
airly Need to conform to rules Feel guilty when don't do these things
km km km km km km km km km km km km
Q13. Tomasello presented children with different games where they had to work together t
kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km
o win a prize (marbles or a chance to work the jiggle machine). What age-
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
related changes did he see in children's performance on these tasks?
km km km km km km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: 92% of 2.5 year olds stopped when they got the block and both went to toy w
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
ith one block 3.5 year olds kept pushing until their partner got a block too
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
Q14. Is there any reason to believe that young children are sensitive to rules? Explain.
kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: Yes, because if they see a puppet that starts to destroy someone's property, 3 y
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
r olds will intervene If a puppet starts to play a game the wrong way, 3 yr olds will intervene
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
Q15. Describe some of the experiences that facilitate moral development.
kmkm km km km km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: - Noting the effects of one's actions on others -
km kmkm km km km km km km km km km
Vicarious learning: watching as as adult helps her, watching other children help each other -
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
Intentional socialization and instruction -
km km km km km
After 3 yrs of age interactions with peers involving reciprocity/perspective-
km km km km km km km km km km
taking and adult normative instruction also help with moral development
km km km km km km km km km
Q16. What are some of the ways a parent might respond to a child's wrongdoing?
kmkm km km km km km km km km km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: - km kmkm
Love withdrawal: withholding attention, affection, or approval after a child misbehaves -
km km km km km km km km km km km km
Power assertion: using power to threaten, chastise, spank, or take away privileges (forceful "no" or r
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
eprimand can also work) - km km km km
Induction: explaining to a child why the behavior is wrong and should be changed by emphasizing
km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km km
how it affects other people
km km km km
Q17. What parenting practice seems to most effective for promoting moral reasoning?
kmkm km km km km km km km km km km
[Verified Solution]: Induction is associated with more mature moral reasoning
km kmkm km km km km km km km
