BIOS 252 (A & P) MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE
Midterm Study Guide
Chapter 24
Chemical digestion organs and the cells
Mechanical digestion organs
6 basic processes involved in digestion
Neural innervation and control
Differences in plexus and understand the implication of having dual innervation
(sympathetic speeds things up and parasympathetic and slows things down)
Integrate information you already know such as what affect does parasympathetic
do? Increase secretion and motility
Parts of peritoneum, ligaments, omentums
Salivary amylase
Deglutition has 3 stages: voluntary & involuntary phases
Anatomy of stomach: Regions and what the cells of the stomach produce
Functions of the stomach: Slide 34, 39
Role of the Pancreas: produces enzymes, and sodium bicarbonate, going to drop
everything in the small intestine which turns chyme very acidic because it mixes
with hydrochloric acid, and neutralizes the pH up
DUCTS- where each originates and terminates from
ALL ENZYMES
Bilirubin should not be in the urine- If it is, it is called Bilirubin urea
, What breaks down carbs, lipids, proteins?
Study slides: 58, 59, 60, 71, 85
Digestive system Disorders
Chapter 25
Catabolic, anabolism, metabolism definitions
Metabolism requires energy from ATP
Differences between oxidation and reduction: 3 ways to do both
Know NAD & FAD
Glucose is the molecule that drives other reactions
When you break bonds it releases energy, an example is: Eating food because you
are breaking molecules to smaller ones
Slide 11
Insulin is going to increase the diffusion of glucose into cells and decreases BP
Glycolysis makes 3-carbon molecules called pyruvic acid and this involves 10
steps
Aerobic respiration: recycles to produce more energy and requires oxygen
Anaerobic: Makes waste product called lactic acid, and no oxygen is present
Krebs cycle: Occurs in the mitochondria of cell and uses 8 steps, uses
FAD- derivative of riboflavin
Electron transport chain- uses serious of carriers, used to produce ATP, build up od
hydrogen ions around the cell membrane and produces a chemical gradient which
eventually pumps the ions across the membrane and that is called chemiosmosis
5 Electron carriers
Formation of a fat molecule: Lipogenesis
Midterm Study Guide
Chapter 24
Chemical digestion organs and the cells
Mechanical digestion organs
6 basic processes involved in digestion
Neural innervation and control
Differences in plexus and understand the implication of having dual innervation
(sympathetic speeds things up and parasympathetic and slows things down)
Integrate information you already know such as what affect does parasympathetic
do? Increase secretion and motility
Parts of peritoneum, ligaments, omentums
Salivary amylase
Deglutition has 3 stages: voluntary & involuntary phases
Anatomy of stomach: Regions and what the cells of the stomach produce
Functions of the stomach: Slide 34, 39
Role of the Pancreas: produces enzymes, and sodium bicarbonate, going to drop
everything in the small intestine which turns chyme very acidic because it mixes
with hydrochloric acid, and neutralizes the pH up
DUCTS- where each originates and terminates from
ALL ENZYMES
Bilirubin should not be in the urine- If it is, it is called Bilirubin urea
, What breaks down carbs, lipids, proteins?
Study slides: 58, 59, 60, 71, 85
Digestive system Disorders
Chapter 25
Catabolic, anabolism, metabolism definitions
Metabolism requires energy from ATP
Differences between oxidation and reduction: 3 ways to do both
Know NAD & FAD
Glucose is the molecule that drives other reactions
When you break bonds it releases energy, an example is: Eating food because you
are breaking molecules to smaller ones
Slide 11
Insulin is going to increase the diffusion of glucose into cells and decreases BP
Glycolysis makes 3-carbon molecules called pyruvic acid and this involves 10
steps
Aerobic respiration: recycles to produce more energy and requires oxygen
Anaerobic: Makes waste product called lactic acid, and no oxygen is present
Krebs cycle: Occurs in the mitochondria of cell and uses 8 steps, uses
FAD- derivative of riboflavin
Electron transport chain- uses serious of carriers, used to produce ATP, build up od
hydrogen ions around the cell membrane and produces a chemical gradient which
eventually pumps the ions across the membrane and that is called chemiosmosis
5 Electron carriers
Formation of a fat molecule: Lipogenesis
