SAPPC PAPER ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔RAAS - ✔✔Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System
✔✔Neurological Control - ✔✔- BP rises
- Arteries stretched
- Baroreceptors increase firing rate
- Vasodilation
- Reduced heart rate
- BP decreases
- Baroreceptors sense decrease in BP
- Signal brain for vasoconstriction
- BP rises
✔✔Hormonal Control (RAAS) - ✔✔- Low BP
- Angiotensinogen (hormone from liver)
- Kidneys release: Renin (enzyme that breaks down angiotensinogen)
- Angiotensin I forms
- ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)
- Angiotensin II forms = vaosconstrictor + causes release of aldosterone
✔✔Aldosterone - ✔✔- Promotes Na and Water retention in kidneys
- Increases blood volume and pressure
- Increases CO
✔✔epinephrine and norepinephrine - ✔✔- Constrict most blood vessels, increasing BP
- Dilate blood vessels in skeletal and cardiac muscle
✔✔Why older adults are at risk for impaired perfusion? - ✔✔- Arterial stiffening =
increases myocardium work load
- CO decreases due to decreased strength/stroke volume
- less mobility
, - medications
- high salt
- decreased baroreceptor sensitivity
- Elevated serum lipids
✔✔High Systolic Pressure - ✔✔Resistance the heart has to pump against is high
✔✔High Diastolic Pressure - ✔✔High resistance of small arteries
✔✔Hypertension - ✔✔- High blood pressure 140/90 or more
- Due to imbalance between CO/TPR
✔✔At risk for Hypertension - ✔✔- Males
- Elderly
- African ancestry
✔✔Primary Hypertension - ✔✔- 95% of cases
- Unknown cause
- Sodium
- Lack of exercise
- Obesity
- Stress
✔✔Secondary Hypertension - ✔✔- Known cause
- Kidney disease
- Tumours
- Atherosclerosis
✔✔Stage 1 Hypertension - ✔✔140-159
90-99
✔✔Stage 2 Hypertension - ✔✔> 160
> 100
✔✔Stage 3 Hypertension - ✔✔> 180
> 110
✔✔Complications of Hypertension - ✔✔- Kidneys (Renal insufficiency)
- Brain (Stroke/Hypertensive Encephalopathy)
- Eyes (Hypertensive Retinopathy)
- Heart (Cardiac Hypertrophy)
- Nephrosclerosis
✔✔Assessments: - ✔✔- Client history
- Examination
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔RAAS - ✔✔Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System
✔✔Neurological Control - ✔✔- BP rises
- Arteries stretched
- Baroreceptors increase firing rate
- Vasodilation
- Reduced heart rate
- BP decreases
- Baroreceptors sense decrease in BP
- Signal brain for vasoconstriction
- BP rises
✔✔Hormonal Control (RAAS) - ✔✔- Low BP
- Angiotensinogen (hormone from liver)
- Kidneys release: Renin (enzyme that breaks down angiotensinogen)
- Angiotensin I forms
- ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)
- Angiotensin II forms = vaosconstrictor + causes release of aldosterone
✔✔Aldosterone - ✔✔- Promotes Na and Water retention in kidneys
- Increases blood volume and pressure
- Increases CO
✔✔epinephrine and norepinephrine - ✔✔- Constrict most blood vessels, increasing BP
- Dilate blood vessels in skeletal and cardiac muscle
✔✔Why older adults are at risk for impaired perfusion? - ✔✔- Arterial stiffening =
increases myocardium work load
- CO decreases due to decreased strength/stroke volume
- less mobility
, - medications
- high salt
- decreased baroreceptor sensitivity
- Elevated serum lipids
✔✔High Systolic Pressure - ✔✔Resistance the heart has to pump against is high
✔✔High Diastolic Pressure - ✔✔High resistance of small arteries
✔✔Hypertension - ✔✔- High blood pressure 140/90 or more
- Due to imbalance between CO/TPR
✔✔At risk for Hypertension - ✔✔- Males
- Elderly
- African ancestry
✔✔Primary Hypertension - ✔✔- 95% of cases
- Unknown cause
- Sodium
- Lack of exercise
- Obesity
- Stress
✔✔Secondary Hypertension - ✔✔- Known cause
- Kidney disease
- Tumours
- Atherosclerosis
✔✔Stage 1 Hypertension - ✔✔140-159
90-99
✔✔Stage 2 Hypertension - ✔✔> 160
> 100
✔✔Stage 3 Hypertension - ✔✔> 180
> 110
✔✔Complications of Hypertension - ✔✔- Kidneys (Renal insufficiency)
- Brain (Stroke/Hypertensive Encephalopathy)
- Eyes (Hypertensive Retinopathy)
- Heart (Cardiac Hypertrophy)
- Nephrosclerosis
✔✔Assessments: - ✔✔- Client history
- Examination
