NURS 8022 Final Exam - Advanced Physiology & Pathophysiology
2026/2027 Edition - 100 Questions With Answers
OVERVIEW:
This NURS8022 Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology final exam reviews cellular
function, inflammation, immunity, and fluid-electrolyte and acid-base balance. It covers
cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, neurological, endocrine, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and
reproductive alterations. Emphasis is on hemodynamics, oxygenation, ventilation, glomerular
disorders, neuro hormonal regulation, genetics, and compensatory mechanisms linking
pathophysiologic processes to clinical manifestations for advanced nursing assessment and
clinical decision-making and evidence-based management of complex acute and chronic disease
across the lifespan. Correct answers are bold Green.
1. Reversible cell injury is characterized by:
A. Cellular swelling and fatty change due to ATP depletion
B. Nuclear fragmentation
C. Membrane rupture
D. Denaturation of proteins
Rationale: ATP depletion causes Na/K pump failure and swelling; still reversible.
2. Necrosis differs from apoptosis because necrosis:
A. Is programmed
B. Causes inflammation due to membrane rupture
C. Requires ATP
D. Is non-pathologic
Rationale: Necrosis is pathologic, unregulated, releases contents causing
inflammation.
3. Free radical injury is mediated by:
A. ATP increase
B. Alkalosis
C. Oxidative stress damaging lipids, proteins, DNA
D. Hypothermia
Rationale: ROS cause lipid peroxidation and membrane damage.
4. Intracellular calcium overload during ischemia causes:
A. Increased ATP
B. Decreased enzyme activity
C. Activation of phospholipases and proteases leading to membrane damage
D. Alkalosis
Rationale: High Ca2+ activates destructive enzymes.
5. Physiologic hypertrophy example:
A. Cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension
, B. Uterine hypertrophy in pregnancy is actually physiologic hypertrophy/hyperplasia
C. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy from exercise / Uterine enlargement in pregnancy
D. Hydronephrosis
Rationale: Exercise and pregnancy cause physiologic hypertrophy.
6. Dysplasia means:
A. Disordered growth with abnormal size, shape and loss of organization,
precancerous
B. Increase in cell number
C. Decrease in cell size
D. Normal differentiation
Rationale: Dysplasia is disorganized, atypical growth, preneoplastic.
7. Hypokalemia effect on myocardium:
A. Hyperpolarization, increased risk of arrhythmia, U waves, flattened T
B. Peaked T waves
C. Short QT
D. No ECG changes
Rationale: Low K hyperpolarizes but increases automaticity and arrhythmia risk.
8. Most common extracellular cation:
A. K+
B. Ca2+
C. Na+
D. Mg2+
Rationale: Na+ 135-145 is main extracellular cation.
9. ADH deficiency leads to:
A. Water retention
B. Diabetes insipidus with polyuria and hypernatremia
C. Edema
D. Hyponatremia
Rationale: No ADH = dilute urine, water loss, hypernatremia.
10. Aldosterone is regulated by:
A. RAAS, hyperkalemia, ACTH
B. ADH only
C. ANP stimulation
D. Hypokalemia
Rationale: Aldosterone stimulated by angiotensin II, high K+, ACTH.
11. pH 7.30, PaCO2 50, HCO3 24 indicates:
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory alkalosis
D. Respiratory acidosis
Rationale: Low pH, high CO2 = respiratory acidosis.
12. Metabolic alkalosis compensation is:
A. Hyperventilation
B. Kidney excretes HCO3 quickly in acute
C. Hypoventilation retaining CO2
2026/2027 Edition - 100 Questions With Answers
OVERVIEW:
This NURS8022 Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology final exam reviews cellular
function, inflammation, immunity, and fluid-electrolyte and acid-base balance. It covers
cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, neurological, endocrine, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and
reproductive alterations. Emphasis is on hemodynamics, oxygenation, ventilation, glomerular
disorders, neuro hormonal regulation, genetics, and compensatory mechanisms linking
pathophysiologic processes to clinical manifestations for advanced nursing assessment and
clinical decision-making and evidence-based management of complex acute and chronic disease
across the lifespan. Correct answers are bold Green.
1. Reversible cell injury is characterized by:
A. Cellular swelling and fatty change due to ATP depletion
B. Nuclear fragmentation
C. Membrane rupture
D. Denaturation of proteins
Rationale: ATP depletion causes Na/K pump failure and swelling; still reversible.
2. Necrosis differs from apoptosis because necrosis:
A. Is programmed
B. Causes inflammation due to membrane rupture
C. Requires ATP
D. Is non-pathologic
Rationale: Necrosis is pathologic, unregulated, releases contents causing
inflammation.
3. Free radical injury is mediated by:
A. ATP increase
B. Alkalosis
C. Oxidative stress damaging lipids, proteins, DNA
D. Hypothermia
Rationale: ROS cause lipid peroxidation and membrane damage.
4. Intracellular calcium overload during ischemia causes:
A. Increased ATP
B. Decreased enzyme activity
C. Activation of phospholipases and proteases leading to membrane damage
D. Alkalosis
Rationale: High Ca2+ activates destructive enzymes.
5. Physiologic hypertrophy example:
A. Cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension
, B. Uterine hypertrophy in pregnancy is actually physiologic hypertrophy/hyperplasia
C. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy from exercise / Uterine enlargement in pregnancy
D. Hydronephrosis
Rationale: Exercise and pregnancy cause physiologic hypertrophy.
6. Dysplasia means:
A. Disordered growth with abnormal size, shape and loss of organization,
precancerous
B. Increase in cell number
C. Decrease in cell size
D. Normal differentiation
Rationale: Dysplasia is disorganized, atypical growth, preneoplastic.
7. Hypokalemia effect on myocardium:
A. Hyperpolarization, increased risk of arrhythmia, U waves, flattened T
B. Peaked T waves
C. Short QT
D. No ECG changes
Rationale: Low K hyperpolarizes but increases automaticity and arrhythmia risk.
8. Most common extracellular cation:
A. K+
B. Ca2+
C. Na+
D. Mg2+
Rationale: Na+ 135-145 is main extracellular cation.
9. ADH deficiency leads to:
A. Water retention
B. Diabetes insipidus with polyuria and hypernatremia
C. Edema
D. Hyponatremia
Rationale: No ADH = dilute urine, water loss, hypernatremia.
10. Aldosterone is regulated by:
A. RAAS, hyperkalemia, ACTH
B. ADH only
C. ANP stimulation
D. Hypokalemia
Rationale: Aldosterone stimulated by angiotensin II, high K+, ACTH.
11. pH 7.30, PaCO2 50, HCO3 24 indicates:
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory alkalosis
D. Respiratory acidosis
Rationale: Low pH, high CO2 = respiratory acidosis.
12. Metabolic alkalosis compensation is:
A. Hyperventilation
B. Kidney excretes HCO3 quickly in acute
C. Hypoventilation retaining CO2
