ESSENTIALS IN ANATOMY AND OHYSIOLOGY SAMPLE QUIZ
AND CORRECT ANSWERS PROFESSOR VERIFIED AND GRADED
◉What is Boyle's Law?. Answer: - At a fixed temperature, the pressure exerted by a gas is
inversely proportional to its volume when the temperature is constant.
◉Describe respiratory volumes. Answer: Inspiratory amount = tidal volume
450-650mls in adults
Respiratory rate - 12-15 breaths/min in adults
◉How is respiration controlled & problems?. Answer: • Peripheral chemoreceptors and central
chemoreceptors monitor levels within the blood.
• Increased levels lead to respiratory rate increase, lower levels depress respiratory rate.
• The higher levels of carbon dioxide lead to decreases in the pH of the blood i.e. hydrogen ion
increase.
• This type of stimulus is called hypercapnic drive.
• Some patients may not have this kind of drive e.g. chronic respiratory conditions.
• Belief was reliance on the hypoxic drive, oxygen lack.
• Low levels of oxygen only affect the respiratory function when excessive. Severe lack leads to
depression of breathing.
◉What are some differences in the upper airway in CYP?. Answer: - Upper respiratory tract in
shorter in babies & young children compared to older children & adults so higher risk of
bacteria & viruses entering tract. Also increased oxygen demand.
- If nose is obstructed infants switch to oral breathing but can take 30 seconds so significant
oxygen desaturation & bradycardia may occur.
- Narrow, easily obstructed larynx & short trachea.
- Upper airway obstruction can cause inspiratory collapse of the trachea (outside the thoracic
cavity) during forced inspiration. Lower airway obstruction - forced expiration increases intra-
thoracic pressures causing collapse of lower airway.
,- Babies & young children have thin chest muscles, horizontal ribs, barrel shaped thorax, rely on
abdomen & diaphragm for ventilation, flatter diaphragm pulling ribs inwards = less efficient
breaths prone to fatigue.
- Reduced number of alveoli in early childhood = surface area for gas exchange reduced
- Between 5-puberty, weight & capacity of lungs increases, airways enlarge = decrease
respiratory rate, remain vulnerable to cigarette smoke and air pollution which can damage the
linings of the respiratory tract and developing alveoli.
◉Describe respiratory distress. Answer: - Respiratory distress - inability to provide oxygen &
remove carbon dioxide at a rate matching metabolic demands. Commonly children will use
accessory muscle to help compensate for ineffective respiration - head bobbing, tracheal tug,
shoulder fixing, abdominal breathing, uneven chest rise/fall, sub/intercostal recession
(retractions). Children may also have Increased respiratory rate (tachypnoea), be grunting (to
increase pressure), nasal flaring (to open airway), cough, continuous high-pitched wheeze,
stridor.
◉What are the 6 processes in the digestive system?. Answer: Ingestion, mastication, digestion,
absorption, assimilation, elimination.
◉What is the gastrointestinal tract?. Answer: A continuous 'tube' starting at the mouth & ending
at the anus.
◉Describe the mouth. Answer: Tongue for sound, formation of bolus (chewed food), swallowing
& taste). 3 pairs of salivary glands (parotid, sub maxillary, sublingual). Ingestion & mastication
involves mouth.
◉Describe the gastrointestinal tract. Answer: Oesophagus (muscular tube to stomach), food
travels by peristalsis (involuntary contraction and relaxation of longitudinal and circular
muscles throughout the digestive tract), reflux from stomach prevented by cardiac sphincter,
Larynx rises to connect with epiglottis to close off respiratory pathway entry i.e. Trachea.
◉Describe the 2 stages of swallowing. Answer: Buccal Phase Voluntary (food chewed & bolus
forms, pressing against hard palate forces bolux to oropharynx), Pharyngeal oesophageal phase
Involuntary (involves cranial nerves, all routes except into GI tract blocked off, tongue blocks
mouth, soft palate rises to block off nasopharynx.
◉Describe the oesophagus. Answer: Food travels down oesophagus which has mucus-secreting
goblet cells helping to lubricate food during its passage.
,◉Label the digestive system. Answer: See notes.
◉Describe the stomach. Answer: Stores food, produces intrinsic factor (a glycoprotein that
helps absorb vitamin B), gastric juice helps churn food & secrete H+ ions.
◉Label the stomach. Answer: See notes.
◉Describe the small bowel. Answer: Completes & absorbs products of digestion. Includes
duodenum. Food prevented from re-entering stomach by pyloric sphincter. Bile from gall
bladder enters to activate enzymes and breakdown fats & proteins.
◉Describe the pancreas. Answer: Contains alpha & beta cells. Alpha produce glucagon & beta
insulin. Secretion of enzymes and juice from pancreas stimulated by ingestion of food.
◉Infant. Answer: A very young child or baby
◉Insulin. Answer: A peptide hormone produced in the pancreas which controls the amount of
glucose in the bloodstream.
◉Intravenous. Answer: Existing or taking place within, or administered into, a vein or veins
◉In-utero. Answer: In a woman's uterus or happening before birth.
◉Ketones. Answer: A chemical by-product produced by the liver when it breaks down fats. The body
uses ketones for energy when carbohydrates are not available. High levels can increase blood
acidity.
◉Limbic system. Answer: Part of the brain involved in emotional responses
◉Mesoderm. Answer: Middle layer of cells and tissues of an embryo. Becomes cartilage, muscle and
bone
◉Micturition. Answer: Voiding of urine
, ◉Myelin. Answer: Fatty insulting layer that surrounds nerve fibres
◉Myogenesis. Answer: Formation of muscle
◉Neonate. Answer: An infant less than 28 days (4 weeks) old
◉Neuroplasticity. Answer: The ability of the brain to form and reorganize synaptic connections,
especially in response to learning or experience or following injury
◉Osmolarity. Answer: A process of measurement of solute (e.g., sodium) concentration
◉Ossification. Answer: The natural process of bone formation
◉Osteogenesis. Answer: Formation of new bone
◉Schwann cells. Answer: A type of glial cell that surrounds neurons, keeping them alive and
sometimes covering them with a myelin sheath, and are the major glial cell type in the peripheral
nervous system.
◉Surfactant. Answer: A substance which tends to reduce the surface tension of a liquid in which it is
dissolved.
◉-ectomy. Answer: Removal of
◉-otomy. Answer: ⁃ Cutting into a part of the body
◉-oscopy. Answer: ⁃ Viewing of (usually with an endoscopic camera)
◉Entero. Answer: Intestines
◉Itis. Answer: Inflammation
AND CORRECT ANSWERS PROFESSOR VERIFIED AND GRADED
◉What is Boyle's Law?. Answer: - At a fixed temperature, the pressure exerted by a gas is
inversely proportional to its volume when the temperature is constant.
◉Describe respiratory volumes. Answer: Inspiratory amount = tidal volume
450-650mls in adults
Respiratory rate - 12-15 breaths/min in adults
◉How is respiration controlled & problems?. Answer: • Peripheral chemoreceptors and central
chemoreceptors monitor levels within the blood.
• Increased levels lead to respiratory rate increase, lower levels depress respiratory rate.
• The higher levels of carbon dioxide lead to decreases in the pH of the blood i.e. hydrogen ion
increase.
• This type of stimulus is called hypercapnic drive.
• Some patients may not have this kind of drive e.g. chronic respiratory conditions.
• Belief was reliance on the hypoxic drive, oxygen lack.
• Low levels of oxygen only affect the respiratory function when excessive. Severe lack leads to
depression of breathing.
◉What are some differences in the upper airway in CYP?. Answer: - Upper respiratory tract in
shorter in babies & young children compared to older children & adults so higher risk of
bacteria & viruses entering tract. Also increased oxygen demand.
- If nose is obstructed infants switch to oral breathing but can take 30 seconds so significant
oxygen desaturation & bradycardia may occur.
- Narrow, easily obstructed larynx & short trachea.
- Upper airway obstruction can cause inspiratory collapse of the trachea (outside the thoracic
cavity) during forced inspiration. Lower airway obstruction - forced expiration increases intra-
thoracic pressures causing collapse of lower airway.
,- Babies & young children have thin chest muscles, horizontal ribs, barrel shaped thorax, rely on
abdomen & diaphragm for ventilation, flatter diaphragm pulling ribs inwards = less efficient
breaths prone to fatigue.
- Reduced number of alveoli in early childhood = surface area for gas exchange reduced
- Between 5-puberty, weight & capacity of lungs increases, airways enlarge = decrease
respiratory rate, remain vulnerable to cigarette smoke and air pollution which can damage the
linings of the respiratory tract and developing alveoli.
◉Describe respiratory distress. Answer: - Respiratory distress - inability to provide oxygen &
remove carbon dioxide at a rate matching metabolic demands. Commonly children will use
accessory muscle to help compensate for ineffective respiration - head bobbing, tracheal tug,
shoulder fixing, abdominal breathing, uneven chest rise/fall, sub/intercostal recession
(retractions). Children may also have Increased respiratory rate (tachypnoea), be grunting (to
increase pressure), nasal flaring (to open airway), cough, continuous high-pitched wheeze,
stridor.
◉What are the 6 processes in the digestive system?. Answer: Ingestion, mastication, digestion,
absorption, assimilation, elimination.
◉What is the gastrointestinal tract?. Answer: A continuous 'tube' starting at the mouth & ending
at the anus.
◉Describe the mouth. Answer: Tongue for sound, formation of bolus (chewed food), swallowing
& taste). 3 pairs of salivary glands (parotid, sub maxillary, sublingual). Ingestion & mastication
involves mouth.
◉Describe the gastrointestinal tract. Answer: Oesophagus (muscular tube to stomach), food
travels by peristalsis (involuntary contraction and relaxation of longitudinal and circular
muscles throughout the digestive tract), reflux from stomach prevented by cardiac sphincter,
Larynx rises to connect with epiglottis to close off respiratory pathway entry i.e. Trachea.
◉Describe the 2 stages of swallowing. Answer: Buccal Phase Voluntary (food chewed & bolus
forms, pressing against hard palate forces bolux to oropharynx), Pharyngeal oesophageal phase
Involuntary (involves cranial nerves, all routes except into GI tract blocked off, tongue blocks
mouth, soft palate rises to block off nasopharynx.
◉Describe the oesophagus. Answer: Food travels down oesophagus which has mucus-secreting
goblet cells helping to lubricate food during its passage.
,◉Label the digestive system. Answer: See notes.
◉Describe the stomach. Answer: Stores food, produces intrinsic factor (a glycoprotein that
helps absorb vitamin B), gastric juice helps churn food & secrete H+ ions.
◉Label the stomach. Answer: See notes.
◉Describe the small bowel. Answer: Completes & absorbs products of digestion. Includes
duodenum. Food prevented from re-entering stomach by pyloric sphincter. Bile from gall
bladder enters to activate enzymes and breakdown fats & proteins.
◉Describe the pancreas. Answer: Contains alpha & beta cells. Alpha produce glucagon & beta
insulin. Secretion of enzymes and juice from pancreas stimulated by ingestion of food.
◉Infant. Answer: A very young child or baby
◉Insulin. Answer: A peptide hormone produced in the pancreas which controls the amount of
glucose in the bloodstream.
◉Intravenous. Answer: Existing or taking place within, or administered into, a vein or veins
◉In-utero. Answer: In a woman's uterus or happening before birth.
◉Ketones. Answer: A chemical by-product produced by the liver when it breaks down fats. The body
uses ketones for energy when carbohydrates are not available. High levels can increase blood
acidity.
◉Limbic system. Answer: Part of the brain involved in emotional responses
◉Mesoderm. Answer: Middle layer of cells and tissues of an embryo. Becomes cartilage, muscle and
bone
◉Micturition. Answer: Voiding of urine
, ◉Myelin. Answer: Fatty insulting layer that surrounds nerve fibres
◉Myogenesis. Answer: Formation of muscle
◉Neonate. Answer: An infant less than 28 days (4 weeks) old
◉Neuroplasticity. Answer: The ability of the brain to form and reorganize synaptic connections,
especially in response to learning or experience or following injury
◉Osmolarity. Answer: A process of measurement of solute (e.g., sodium) concentration
◉Ossification. Answer: The natural process of bone formation
◉Osteogenesis. Answer: Formation of new bone
◉Schwann cells. Answer: A type of glial cell that surrounds neurons, keeping them alive and
sometimes covering them with a myelin sheath, and are the major glial cell type in the peripheral
nervous system.
◉Surfactant. Answer: A substance which tends to reduce the surface tension of a liquid in which it is
dissolved.
◉-ectomy. Answer: Removal of
◉-otomy. Answer: ⁃ Cutting into a part of the body
◉-oscopy. Answer: ⁃ Viewing of (usually with an endoscopic camera)
◉Entero. Answer: Intestines
◉Itis. Answer: Inflammation
