NUR 529 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE LATEST 2026 UPDATED
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED 100% SOLUTIONS (2026/2027)
GRADE: A+|STATUS: GUARANTEED PASS
cardiac cachexia - Answers -a condition of malnutrition and tissue wasting that occurs in people
with end-stage heart failure
What changes occur in cardiogenic shock regardless of the cause? - Answers --decrease in stroke
volume and cardiac output, which results in insufficient perfusion to meet cellular demands for
oxygen;
-poor cardiac output due to decreased myocardial contractility, increased afterload, and
excessive preload (increased left ventricular end-systolic volume);
-mediators and neurotransmitters (norepi) produce increase in systemic vascular resistance,
which increases afterload and ultimately contributes to deterioration of cardiac dysfunction;
-activation of RAAS worsens both preload and afterload
how does hemoglobin correspond to oxygen transport in the body - Answers -myocardial
oxygen supply is related to coronary arteries, capillary inflow, and ability of hemoglobin to
transport and deliver O2 to the heart muscle;
the fraction of inspired oxygen in the blood and the number of RBC with normally functioning
hgb is important;
even with adequate coronary blood flow, myocardial ischemia can occur in situations of hypoxia
(low O2), anemia (low hgb), and carbon monoxide poisoning (high CO2)
What is nasal flaring? - Answers -nasal flaring (sign of increased work of breathing) is a method
infants use to take in more air by increasing size of the nares and decrease resistance of small
airways
1|Page
,why are infants and children more susceptible to choking? - Answers -the airways of the infant
and small child are much smaller than adults and resistance to airflow is inversely related to the
4th power of the radius causing relatively small amounts of mucus secretions, edema, or airway
constriction to produce marked changes in airway resistance and airflow
specific sequence of upper airway nerve and muscle activity that occurs before and early in
inspiration of infants - Answers -the tongue moves forward to prevent airway obstruction; vocal
cords abduct, reducing airway resistance
diaphragm in an infant vs in an adult - Answers -diaphragm in an infant inserts more horizontally
than in an adult; as a result the contraction of the diaphragm draws the lower ribs inward
(especially if in horizontal position); in an adult the intercostal muscles function to lift the ribs
during inspiration; in an infant, the intercostal muscles are not fully developed so they function
to stabilize the chest rather than lift the chest wall; during crying, intercostal muscles and
diaphragm function together to splint the chest wall and prevent collapse
high compliance of infants chest wall and decreased activity of intercostal muscles during sleep
- Answers -causes paradoxical inward movement of upper chest during inspiration (especially
during sleep)
high compliance of lungs during infancy - Answers -benefits: only takes small amount of
pressure to inflate a compliant lung;
during respiratory disease, the diaphragm must generate more pressure causing the compliant
chest wall to be sucked inward (retractions which indicate airway obstruction or atelectasis)
2|Page
, why are infants obligatory nose breathers (up to 2-3 months)? - Answers -
in the infant, the functional residual capacity (air left in lungs after expiration) occurs at a higher
lung volume than older child or adults due to increased respiration rate aids with - Answers -1.
holds the airways open throughout all phases of respiration
2. favors reabsorption of intrapulmonary fluids
3. maintains more uniform lung expansion and enhances gas exchange
Epiglottitis - Answers -life-threatening emergency characterized by sudden inflammatory edema
of supraglottic area including the epiglottis and pharyngeal structures (upper airway)
characteristics of Epiglottitis - Answers -child appears: pale, toxic, lethargic, assumes distinctive
position (sitting up with mouth open and chin thrust forward), difficulty swallowing, muffled
voice, drooling, fever, extreme anxiety, inspiratory and sometimes expiratory stridor, nasal
flaring, inspiratory retractions of suprasternal notch and supraclavicular and intercostal spaces
bronchiolitis - Answers -acute bronchiolitis is a viral infection of the lower airways, most
commonly caused by RSV, producing inflammatory obstruction of small airways and necrosis of
cells lining the lower airways; usually occurs during first 2 years of life with peak incidence
between 3-6 months old; most have hx of mild upper respiratory tract infection; most critical
phase first 48-72 hrs
3|Page
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED 100% SOLUTIONS (2026/2027)
GRADE: A+|STATUS: GUARANTEED PASS
cardiac cachexia - Answers -a condition of malnutrition and tissue wasting that occurs in people
with end-stage heart failure
What changes occur in cardiogenic shock regardless of the cause? - Answers --decrease in stroke
volume and cardiac output, which results in insufficient perfusion to meet cellular demands for
oxygen;
-poor cardiac output due to decreased myocardial contractility, increased afterload, and
excessive preload (increased left ventricular end-systolic volume);
-mediators and neurotransmitters (norepi) produce increase in systemic vascular resistance,
which increases afterload and ultimately contributes to deterioration of cardiac dysfunction;
-activation of RAAS worsens both preload and afterload
how does hemoglobin correspond to oxygen transport in the body - Answers -myocardial
oxygen supply is related to coronary arteries, capillary inflow, and ability of hemoglobin to
transport and deliver O2 to the heart muscle;
the fraction of inspired oxygen in the blood and the number of RBC with normally functioning
hgb is important;
even with adequate coronary blood flow, myocardial ischemia can occur in situations of hypoxia
(low O2), anemia (low hgb), and carbon monoxide poisoning (high CO2)
What is nasal flaring? - Answers -nasal flaring (sign of increased work of breathing) is a method
infants use to take in more air by increasing size of the nares and decrease resistance of small
airways
1|Page
,why are infants and children more susceptible to choking? - Answers -the airways of the infant
and small child are much smaller than adults and resistance to airflow is inversely related to the
4th power of the radius causing relatively small amounts of mucus secretions, edema, or airway
constriction to produce marked changes in airway resistance and airflow
specific sequence of upper airway nerve and muscle activity that occurs before and early in
inspiration of infants - Answers -the tongue moves forward to prevent airway obstruction; vocal
cords abduct, reducing airway resistance
diaphragm in an infant vs in an adult - Answers -diaphragm in an infant inserts more horizontally
than in an adult; as a result the contraction of the diaphragm draws the lower ribs inward
(especially if in horizontal position); in an adult the intercostal muscles function to lift the ribs
during inspiration; in an infant, the intercostal muscles are not fully developed so they function
to stabilize the chest rather than lift the chest wall; during crying, intercostal muscles and
diaphragm function together to splint the chest wall and prevent collapse
high compliance of infants chest wall and decreased activity of intercostal muscles during sleep
- Answers -causes paradoxical inward movement of upper chest during inspiration (especially
during sleep)
high compliance of lungs during infancy - Answers -benefits: only takes small amount of
pressure to inflate a compliant lung;
during respiratory disease, the diaphragm must generate more pressure causing the compliant
chest wall to be sucked inward (retractions which indicate airway obstruction or atelectasis)
2|Page
, why are infants obligatory nose breathers (up to 2-3 months)? - Answers -
in the infant, the functional residual capacity (air left in lungs after expiration) occurs at a higher
lung volume than older child or adults due to increased respiration rate aids with - Answers -1.
holds the airways open throughout all phases of respiration
2. favors reabsorption of intrapulmonary fluids
3. maintains more uniform lung expansion and enhances gas exchange
Epiglottitis - Answers -life-threatening emergency characterized by sudden inflammatory edema
of supraglottic area including the epiglottis and pharyngeal structures (upper airway)
characteristics of Epiglottitis - Answers -child appears: pale, toxic, lethargic, assumes distinctive
position (sitting up with mouth open and chin thrust forward), difficulty swallowing, muffled
voice, drooling, fever, extreme anxiety, inspiratory and sometimes expiratory stridor, nasal
flaring, inspiratory retractions of suprasternal notch and supraclavicular and intercostal spaces
bronchiolitis - Answers -acute bronchiolitis is a viral infection of the lower airways, most
commonly caused by RSV, producing inflammatory obstruction of small airways and necrosis of
cells lining the lower airways; usually occurs during first 2 years of life with peak incidence
between 3-6 months old; most have hx of mild upper respiratory tract infection; most critical
phase first 48-72 hrs
3|Page
