NCMHCE STUDY GUIDE SET QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔PKU (phenylketonuria)
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔- can cause intellectual disability
- chrom 12 mutation leads to error in converting phenylalanine to tyrosine
- fail to meet dev milestones, microcephaly, progressive neurological decline/MR,
seizures, hyperactivity, LD, eczema
- disproportionately affects fair, blue-eyed babies
- diagnosed with a blood test
✔✔Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔- a condition of 20-30% of intellectual disability and associated physical
disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
- common physical conditions: slanted eyes, epicanthic folds on eyes, large protruding
tongue, short, bent fifth finger, simian fold across palm
✔✔Communication Disorders
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔> number of disorders lumped under one title
- language disorders
- speech sound disorders
- childhood-onset fluency disorders (stuttering)
- social communication disorders
✔✔Autism Spectrum Disorder
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔- 2 categories to diagnose:
1. a) Qualitative impairment in social interactions
b) Qualitative impairment in communication
2. Restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped bx, interests, and activities
- Severity Levels:
> Level 1 = requires support
> Level 2 = requires substantial support
, > Level 3 = requires very substantial support
- 1/3 of children diagnosed will be independent
- many are diagnosed as deaf
- reduced cerebellum, enlarged ventricles, abnormal levels of norepinephrine, serotonin,
and dopamine
✔✔ADHD
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔- Display 6+ symptoms of inattention or hyperactivity before the age of
12 for 6 months
- 3 subtypes:
1. Predominantly Inattentive Type
2. Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type
3. Combined Type = 6+ symptoms from each
- score lower on IQ tests despite having average or above average intelligence
- reading problems, social adjustment, conduct disorder, ODD, anxiety, and major
depression
-4-9x more likely to occur in boys but equals out in adulthood
- genetically linked
-structural abnormalities in frontal cortex, basal ganglia, small caudate nucleus, globus
pallidus, and prefrontal cortex
- Medication: stimulates frontal lobe
> methylphenidate = ritalin
> amphetamine = dexedrine
- classroom management, psychosocial intervention, self-regulate bx
✔✔Conduct Disorder
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔> 3/15 symptoms over 12 months:
> Criteria A: persistent bx ignoring ruels or societal norms, violating others' rights and
property, aggression to people/animals
> Criteria B: causes academic/social/other impairments
> Criteria C: bx isn't classified as antisocial
> Moffitt's 2 basic types:
1. Life-course-persistent = begins early and gets worse over time as a result of
neurological impairments, temperament, or adverse circumstances
2. Adolescence-limited = usually result of temporary disparity b/w individual's biological
maturity and freedom; usually committed with friends
> Treatment
- best if caught early and administered to family
- parent therapy, behavioral (SR+/SR-)
✔✔Oppositional Defiant Disorder
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔> Similar to conduct disorder
- negative/hostile bx towards authority
- frequent temper and rages
- deliberately annoy others
- blame others
,- spite and vindictiveness
> Treatment is similar to conduct disorder
✔✔Motor Disorders
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔- lumped into neurodevelopmental, developmental coordination
disorders, stereotypic movement disorders, and tic disorders
1. Tourette's Syndrome = at least one vocal and multiple motor tics appearing before
age 18
> Likely comorbid with OCD, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and distractibility
> treatment = pharmacotherapy using antipsychotics (Haloperidol) and pimozide to
inhibit DA flow
✔✔Enuresis & Encopresis
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔- repeated urinating during day or night into the bed or clothes at least
2x/wk for 3+ months at 5yrs of age or older
> treated with night alarm, bx reversal and overcorrection, and psychopharmacology
- involuntary fecal soiling at 4yrs of age or older
✔✔Pica and Rumination Disorder
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔- Pica = persistent eating of non-food substances for at least a month
w/o losing interest in food
> often observed in developmentally disables children, pregnant women, and anemics
- Rumination disorder = regurgitation and re-chewing of food
✔✔Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔Criterion A = not meeting nutritional needs; failure to gain expected
weight or weight loss; nutritional deficiency; requires supplements; interpersonal
interference
Criterion B = not due to culture or lack of food
Criterion C/D = not due to body perception or another medical disorder
✔✔Anorexia Nervosa
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔Criteria A = extreme restriction of food, lower than requirements,
leading to low body weight
Criteria B = irrational fear of gaining weight or bxs that prevent weight gain
Criteria C = distorted body image
- tend to be females in mid-to-late adolescence; nonassertive, introverted, and
conscientious
- tend to be middle and upper class with tendency towards competition and success
, ✔✔bulimia nervosa
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔Criteria A = cyclical periods of binge eating with a lack of control over
the eating
Criteria B = characterized by binge eating followed by purging to prevent weight gain
Criteria C = at least one binge eating episode per week for 3 months
Criteria D = persistent over-concern with body shape
Criteria E = eating and compensatory bx don't only occur during periods of anorexia
- often caused by stress and can result in medical complications due to extremeness of
binges
- often late adolescent females; linked to genetics and low levels of serotonin,
norepinephrine, and beta-endorphin
✔✔Anxiety Disorders
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔1. Panic Disorder = recurrent brief but intense fear in the form of panic
attacks
2. Specific Phobia = animal, natural environment, situational, blood-injection-injury,
other
3. Generalized Anxiety = chronic psychological and cog symptoms of distress and
excessive worrying lasting 6+ months
4. Separation Anxiety = excessive anxiety related to being separated from someone the
client is attached to
5. Selective Mutism = unable to speak in social settings
6. Social Anxiety
7. Agoraphobia = fear of being outside of the home or in open spaces
- Two-Factor-Theory by Mower = phobias develop as a result of avoidance conditioning
- Social Learning Theory = phobic bx learned by watching avoidance strategies used by
one's parents
✔✔OCD
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔Criteria A = exhibit obsessions, compulsions, or both
- obsession: continuous, repetitive thoughts that are unwanted and cause distress.
Causes client to suppress, ignore, or perform compulsion to get rid of them
- compulsion: recurrent bx or thought the client feels obliged to perform after an
obsession to decrease anxiety, though it is not usually logical
Criteria B = take at least 1hr/day and cause distress
Criteria C = not caused by a substance
Criteria D = not better explained
> characterized by poor insight, absent insight, or good insight
> OCD RELATED: body dysmorphic, hoarding, trichotillomania, excoriation
> low serotonin and overactive right caudate nucleus
> equal across gender
ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔PKU (phenylketonuria)
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔- can cause intellectual disability
- chrom 12 mutation leads to error in converting phenylalanine to tyrosine
- fail to meet dev milestones, microcephaly, progressive neurological decline/MR,
seizures, hyperactivity, LD, eczema
- disproportionately affects fair, blue-eyed babies
- diagnosed with a blood test
✔✔Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔- a condition of 20-30% of intellectual disability and associated physical
disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
- common physical conditions: slanted eyes, epicanthic folds on eyes, large protruding
tongue, short, bent fifth finger, simian fold across palm
✔✔Communication Disorders
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔> number of disorders lumped under one title
- language disorders
- speech sound disorders
- childhood-onset fluency disorders (stuttering)
- social communication disorders
✔✔Autism Spectrum Disorder
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔- 2 categories to diagnose:
1. a) Qualitative impairment in social interactions
b) Qualitative impairment in communication
2. Restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped bx, interests, and activities
- Severity Levels:
> Level 1 = requires support
> Level 2 = requires substantial support
, > Level 3 = requires very substantial support
- 1/3 of children diagnosed will be independent
- many are diagnosed as deaf
- reduced cerebellum, enlarged ventricles, abnormal levels of norepinephrine, serotonin,
and dopamine
✔✔ADHD
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔- Display 6+ symptoms of inattention or hyperactivity before the age of
12 for 6 months
- 3 subtypes:
1. Predominantly Inattentive Type
2. Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type
3. Combined Type = 6+ symptoms from each
- score lower on IQ tests despite having average or above average intelligence
- reading problems, social adjustment, conduct disorder, ODD, anxiety, and major
depression
-4-9x more likely to occur in boys but equals out in adulthood
- genetically linked
-structural abnormalities in frontal cortex, basal ganglia, small caudate nucleus, globus
pallidus, and prefrontal cortex
- Medication: stimulates frontal lobe
> methylphenidate = ritalin
> amphetamine = dexedrine
- classroom management, psychosocial intervention, self-regulate bx
✔✔Conduct Disorder
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔> 3/15 symptoms over 12 months:
> Criteria A: persistent bx ignoring ruels or societal norms, violating others' rights and
property, aggression to people/animals
> Criteria B: causes academic/social/other impairments
> Criteria C: bx isn't classified as antisocial
> Moffitt's 2 basic types:
1. Life-course-persistent = begins early and gets worse over time as a result of
neurological impairments, temperament, or adverse circumstances
2. Adolescence-limited = usually result of temporary disparity b/w individual's biological
maturity and freedom; usually committed with friends
> Treatment
- best if caught early and administered to family
- parent therapy, behavioral (SR+/SR-)
✔✔Oppositional Defiant Disorder
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔> Similar to conduct disorder
- negative/hostile bx towards authority
- frequent temper and rages
- deliberately annoy others
- blame others
,- spite and vindictiveness
> Treatment is similar to conduct disorder
✔✔Motor Disorders
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔- lumped into neurodevelopmental, developmental coordination
disorders, stereotypic movement disorders, and tic disorders
1. Tourette's Syndrome = at least one vocal and multiple motor tics appearing before
age 18
> Likely comorbid with OCD, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and distractibility
> treatment = pharmacotherapy using antipsychotics (Haloperidol) and pimozide to
inhibit DA flow
✔✔Enuresis & Encopresis
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔- repeated urinating during day or night into the bed or clothes at least
2x/wk for 3+ months at 5yrs of age or older
> treated with night alarm, bx reversal and overcorrection, and psychopharmacology
- involuntary fecal soiling at 4yrs of age or older
✔✔Pica and Rumination Disorder
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔- Pica = persistent eating of non-food substances for at least a month
w/o losing interest in food
> often observed in developmentally disables children, pregnant women, and anemics
- Rumination disorder = regurgitation and re-chewing of food
✔✔Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔Criterion A = not meeting nutritional needs; failure to gain expected
weight or weight loss; nutritional deficiency; requires supplements; interpersonal
interference
Criterion B = not due to culture or lack of food
Criterion C/D = not due to body perception or another medical disorder
✔✔Anorexia Nervosa
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔Criteria A = extreme restriction of food, lower than requirements,
leading to low body weight
Criteria B = irrational fear of gaining weight or bxs that prevent weight gain
Criteria C = distorted body image
- tend to be females in mid-to-late adolescence; nonassertive, introverted, and
conscientious
- tend to be middle and upper class with tendency towards competition and success
, ✔✔bulimia nervosa
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔Criteria A = cyclical periods of binge eating with a lack of control over
the eating
Criteria B = characterized by binge eating followed by purging to prevent weight gain
Criteria C = at least one binge eating episode per week for 3 months
Criteria D = persistent over-concern with body shape
Criteria E = eating and compensatory bx don't only occur during periods of anorexia
- often caused by stress and can result in medical complications due to extremeness of
binges
- often late adolescent females; linked to genetics and low levels of serotonin,
norepinephrine, and beta-endorphin
✔✔Anxiety Disorders
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔1. Panic Disorder = recurrent brief but intense fear in the form of panic
attacks
2. Specific Phobia = animal, natural environment, situational, blood-injection-injury,
other
3. Generalized Anxiety = chronic psychological and cog symptoms of distress and
excessive worrying lasting 6+ months
4. Separation Anxiety = excessive anxiety related to being separated from someone the
client is attached to
5. Selective Mutism = unable to speak in social settings
6. Social Anxiety
7. Agoraphobia = fear of being outside of the home or in open spaces
- Two-Factor-Theory by Mower = phobias develop as a result of avoidance conditioning
- Social Learning Theory = phobic bx learned by watching avoidance strategies used by
one's parents
✔✔OCD
(Diagnosis) - ✔✔Criteria A = exhibit obsessions, compulsions, or both
- obsession: continuous, repetitive thoughts that are unwanted and cause distress.
Causes client to suppress, ignore, or perform compulsion to get rid of them
- compulsion: recurrent bx or thought the client feels obliged to perform after an
obsession to decrease anxiety, though it is not usually logical
Criteria B = take at least 1hr/day and cause distress
Criteria C = not caused by a substance
Criteria D = not better explained
> characterized by poor insight, absent insight, or good insight
> OCD RELATED: body dysmorphic, hoarding, trichotillomania, excoriation
> low serotonin and overactive right caudate nucleus
> equal across gender
