HURST CORRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
SURE A+
✔✔definiton of hyponatremia - ✔✔too much water; not enough SODIUM
✔✔what are the causes of hyponatremia - ✔✔- drinking H2O for fluid replacement (
vomiting, sweating) ( this only replaces water and dilutes the blood)
- psychogenic polydipsia; loves to drink WATER
- D5W ( sugar & water)
- SIADH; retaining WATER
✔✔what are the S/S of hyponatremia - ✔✔- headache
- seizure
- coma
✔✔what is the treatment of hyponatremia ? - ✔✔- client needs SODIUM
- client doesnt need WATER
✔✔case in point: feeding tube clients tend to become ___________ - ✔✔dehydrated
✔✔what is the normal lab values for potassium ? - ✔✔- 3.5- 5.0 mEq/L
✔✔potassium is excreated by the ________ - ✔✔kidneys
- if the kidneys are not working well, the serum potassium will go UP!
✔✔what are the causes of hyperkalemia ? - ✔✔- kidney trouble
- spironolactone ( aldactone) - makes you RETAIN potassium
✔✔what are the signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia? - ✔✔- begins with muscle
twitching
- then proceeds to muscle twitching/weakness
- then flaccid paralysis
,✔✔when the symptoms " begins with muscle twitching" what does that alternative
mean? - ✔✔- life threatening arrhythmia
✔✔what is the treatment for hyperkalemia? - ✔✔- dialysis- kidneys arent working
- clacium guconate decreases ARRYTHMIAS
- glucose and insulin= insulin carries GLUCOSE & POTASSIUM into the cell
- sodium polystyrene sulfonate Kayexalate ( the K = pot. level)
✔✔sodium and potassium have what kind of relationship? - ✔✔- inverse
✔✔what are the causes of hypokalemia? - ✔✔- vomiting
- Ng suction ( we have lots of potassium in the stomach)
- diuretics
- not eating
✔✔what are the S/S of hypokalemia ? - ✔✔- muscle CRAMPS
- mulsce weakness
✔✔what is the treatment for hypokalemia? - ✔✔- give potassium
- spironolactone ( Aldactone) - makes the client retain POTASSIUM
- EAT more potassium
✔✔what is the major problem with oral potassium ? - ✔✔- GI UPSET
✔✔what do you assess for when administering before/during IV potassium? - ✔✔-
urinary output ( UO)
✔✔what should you let the patient know will happen once you start to administer IV
potassium ? - ✔✔- burning sensation
✔✔what foods are high in potassium ? - ✔✔- spinach , kale, GREENS
✔✔what are three major chemicals one should remember? - ✔✔- bicarb ( base)
- hydrogen ( Acid)
- CO2 ( acid)
✔✔what is a major lung chemical ? - ✔✔- CO2 ( ACID)
✔✔what is the major kidney chemical? - ✔✔- bicarb ( hydrogen)
✔✔too much or too little of all the chemicals ( CO2, bicarb, hydrogen) can cause a
what? - ✔✔- acid base IMBALANCE
,✔✔what is the normal PH level? - ✔✔- 7.35- 7.45
✔✔pH less then 7.35 means what? - ✔✔- acid
✔✔pH more then 7.45 means what? - ✔✔- base ( alkaline)
✔✔what part of the body hates when the pH is messed up ? - ✔✔- the body ( brain)
✔✔what kind of mental state can a pt. be when they are acidotic? - ✔✔- lethargic
✔✔what kind of mental state can a pt. be when they are alkalotic? - ✔✔- excitable
✔✔how does the body keep the pH within normal range? - ✔✔- compensation
✔✔kidneys remove excess acid and bicarb by ________ them through the urine -
✔✔excreating
✔✔kidneys can ______ hydrogen and bicarb and return to the blood - ✔✔retain
✔✔what is one way the lungs get rid of CO2? - ✔✔- exhale
✔✔hyperventilation does what to the lungs? - ✔✔- lowers CO2 ----> retaining
✔✔hypoventilation does what to do the body ? - ✔✔- raises CO2------> eliminating
✔✔how long does kidneys take to compensate? - ✔✔- hour to days
✔✔how long does the lungs take to compensate? - ✔✔- FAST
✔✔what are the causes of resp. acidosis ? - ✔✔- retain CO 2
- mid- abdominal incision , narcotics, sleeping pills, pneumothorax, collapsed lung, and
pneumonia
✔✔what are the Signs and symptoms of resp. acidosis ? - ✔✔- headache, CONFUSED,
sleepy
- if those symptoms ^ are not corrected it could lead to a COMA
- as the acid increases the level of consciousness goes down
✔✔what should you do if a pt has hypoxic - ✔✔- give pt oxygen
✔✔early signs and symptoms of hypoxia are what? - ✔✔- restlessness & tachycardia
✔✔what happens if the CO2 level is increased? - ✔✔- lowers the LOC & lowers the O2
, ✔✔what kind of relationship does CO2 and O2 have ? - ✔✔- inverse relationship
✔✔when you think of the word restlessness you should think of what first? - ✔✔-
HYPOXIA
✔✔what is the normal lab value for PaCO2? - ✔✔35-45 mmHg
✔✔what is the normal lab value for PaO2 ? - ✔✔- 80-100 mmHg
✔✔what is the normal lab value for HCO3 bicarbonate ? - ✔✔- 22-26 mEq/L
✔✔what is the treatment for respiatory acidosis? - ✔✔- fix the BREATHING problems
- pneumonia
- pneumothroax ( will have chest tubes)
- encourage post -op clients to turn, cough, DEEP BREATHE
✔✔when you think of respiratory alkalosis you should think of what? -
✔✔hyperventilation
✔✔what are the causes of respiratory alkalosis ? - ✔✔- hyperventilation
- hysterical ( situation)
- acute aspirin overdose
✔✔is a patient is hysterical and has acute aspirin overdose the client is breathing
_______ and therefore, removing ___________ - ✔✔- fast
- CO2
✔✔what are the signs and symptoms of resp. alkalosis? - ✔✔- lightheaded or faint
feeling
- peri-oral numbness and tingling in the fingers and toes
✔✔what is the treatment for resp. alkalosis ? - ✔✔- may have to SEDATE client to
decrease resp. rate
- treat the cause
- monitor ABGs
✔✔what is the cause of metabolic acidosis? - ✔✔- DKA
- Starvation
- Renal failure
- severe diarrhea ( lower GI think BASE, LOSING BASE)
SURE A+
✔✔definiton of hyponatremia - ✔✔too much water; not enough SODIUM
✔✔what are the causes of hyponatremia - ✔✔- drinking H2O for fluid replacement (
vomiting, sweating) ( this only replaces water and dilutes the blood)
- psychogenic polydipsia; loves to drink WATER
- D5W ( sugar & water)
- SIADH; retaining WATER
✔✔what are the S/S of hyponatremia - ✔✔- headache
- seizure
- coma
✔✔what is the treatment of hyponatremia ? - ✔✔- client needs SODIUM
- client doesnt need WATER
✔✔case in point: feeding tube clients tend to become ___________ - ✔✔dehydrated
✔✔what is the normal lab values for potassium ? - ✔✔- 3.5- 5.0 mEq/L
✔✔potassium is excreated by the ________ - ✔✔kidneys
- if the kidneys are not working well, the serum potassium will go UP!
✔✔what are the causes of hyperkalemia ? - ✔✔- kidney trouble
- spironolactone ( aldactone) - makes you RETAIN potassium
✔✔what are the signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia? - ✔✔- begins with muscle
twitching
- then proceeds to muscle twitching/weakness
- then flaccid paralysis
,✔✔when the symptoms " begins with muscle twitching" what does that alternative
mean? - ✔✔- life threatening arrhythmia
✔✔what is the treatment for hyperkalemia? - ✔✔- dialysis- kidneys arent working
- clacium guconate decreases ARRYTHMIAS
- glucose and insulin= insulin carries GLUCOSE & POTASSIUM into the cell
- sodium polystyrene sulfonate Kayexalate ( the K = pot. level)
✔✔sodium and potassium have what kind of relationship? - ✔✔- inverse
✔✔what are the causes of hypokalemia? - ✔✔- vomiting
- Ng suction ( we have lots of potassium in the stomach)
- diuretics
- not eating
✔✔what are the S/S of hypokalemia ? - ✔✔- muscle CRAMPS
- mulsce weakness
✔✔what is the treatment for hypokalemia? - ✔✔- give potassium
- spironolactone ( Aldactone) - makes the client retain POTASSIUM
- EAT more potassium
✔✔what is the major problem with oral potassium ? - ✔✔- GI UPSET
✔✔what do you assess for when administering before/during IV potassium? - ✔✔-
urinary output ( UO)
✔✔what should you let the patient know will happen once you start to administer IV
potassium ? - ✔✔- burning sensation
✔✔what foods are high in potassium ? - ✔✔- spinach , kale, GREENS
✔✔what are three major chemicals one should remember? - ✔✔- bicarb ( base)
- hydrogen ( Acid)
- CO2 ( acid)
✔✔what is a major lung chemical ? - ✔✔- CO2 ( ACID)
✔✔what is the major kidney chemical? - ✔✔- bicarb ( hydrogen)
✔✔too much or too little of all the chemicals ( CO2, bicarb, hydrogen) can cause a
what? - ✔✔- acid base IMBALANCE
,✔✔what is the normal PH level? - ✔✔- 7.35- 7.45
✔✔pH less then 7.35 means what? - ✔✔- acid
✔✔pH more then 7.45 means what? - ✔✔- base ( alkaline)
✔✔what part of the body hates when the pH is messed up ? - ✔✔- the body ( brain)
✔✔what kind of mental state can a pt. be when they are acidotic? - ✔✔- lethargic
✔✔what kind of mental state can a pt. be when they are alkalotic? - ✔✔- excitable
✔✔how does the body keep the pH within normal range? - ✔✔- compensation
✔✔kidneys remove excess acid and bicarb by ________ them through the urine -
✔✔excreating
✔✔kidneys can ______ hydrogen and bicarb and return to the blood - ✔✔retain
✔✔what is one way the lungs get rid of CO2? - ✔✔- exhale
✔✔hyperventilation does what to the lungs? - ✔✔- lowers CO2 ----> retaining
✔✔hypoventilation does what to do the body ? - ✔✔- raises CO2------> eliminating
✔✔how long does kidneys take to compensate? - ✔✔- hour to days
✔✔how long does the lungs take to compensate? - ✔✔- FAST
✔✔what are the causes of resp. acidosis ? - ✔✔- retain CO 2
- mid- abdominal incision , narcotics, sleeping pills, pneumothorax, collapsed lung, and
pneumonia
✔✔what are the Signs and symptoms of resp. acidosis ? - ✔✔- headache, CONFUSED,
sleepy
- if those symptoms ^ are not corrected it could lead to a COMA
- as the acid increases the level of consciousness goes down
✔✔what should you do if a pt has hypoxic - ✔✔- give pt oxygen
✔✔early signs and symptoms of hypoxia are what? - ✔✔- restlessness & tachycardia
✔✔what happens if the CO2 level is increased? - ✔✔- lowers the LOC & lowers the O2
, ✔✔what kind of relationship does CO2 and O2 have ? - ✔✔- inverse relationship
✔✔when you think of the word restlessness you should think of what first? - ✔✔-
HYPOXIA
✔✔what is the normal lab value for PaCO2? - ✔✔35-45 mmHg
✔✔what is the normal lab value for PaO2 ? - ✔✔- 80-100 mmHg
✔✔what is the normal lab value for HCO3 bicarbonate ? - ✔✔- 22-26 mEq/L
✔✔what is the treatment for respiatory acidosis? - ✔✔- fix the BREATHING problems
- pneumonia
- pneumothroax ( will have chest tubes)
- encourage post -op clients to turn, cough, DEEP BREATHE
✔✔when you think of respiratory alkalosis you should think of what? -
✔✔hyperventilation
✔✔what are the causes of respiratory alkalosis ? - ✔✔- hyperventilation
- hysterical ( situation)
- acute aspirin overdose
✔✔is a patient is hysterical and has acute aspirin overdose the client is breathing
_______ and therefore, removing ___________ - ✔✔- fast
- CO2
✔✔what are the signs and symptoms of resp. alkalosis? - ✔✔- lightheaded or faint
feeling
- peri-oral numbness and tingling in the fingers and toes
✔✔what is the treatment for resp. alkalosis ? - ✔✔- may have to SEDATE client to
decrease resp. rate
- treat the cause
- monitor ABGs
✔✔what is the cause of metabolic acidosis? - ✔✔- DKA
- Starvation
- Renal failure
- severe diarrhea ( lower GI think BASE, LOSING BASE)
