FINAL EXAMINATION PAPER tb tb
tb WGU D094 tb
STUDENT NAME: ________________________________ tb tb DATE: _____________ tb
COURSE: Child Development Final Exam tb tb tb tb TIME: _____________ tb
EXAM CODE: WGU D094-101 tb tb tb
EXAM INSTRUCTIONS:tb
1. Print your full name and date clearly in the header above.
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
2. This exam booklet contains both Test Questions (Part I) and Verified Solutions (Part II).
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
3. Answer all multiple-choice questions clearly. Double-check your work.
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
4. Do not break the seal or open this booklet until instructed to do so by the proctor.
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Q1. How do the cognitive requirements of a sense of self and a set of standards differ for these e
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
motions: embarrassment, empathy, pride, shame, and guilt?
tb tb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: Embarrassment and empathy: sense of self as a separate person Pride, shame, and gu
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
ilt: standards, rules, and goals as well as the sense of self as a separate person
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Q2. Lewis et al. asked children to complete puzzles and unbeknownst to the child varied the am
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
ount of time they had to complete the puzzle. How did children respond when they succeeded at t
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
hese tasks? When they failed?
tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: Success: showed pride and happiness (jumped, threw hands in air, etc) Failure: show
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
ed shame and embarrassment (dropped head, hunched shoulders, sad/blank expression)
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Q3. How do shame and guilt differ? How are they related to prosocial behavior?
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: Shame: accepting failure in terms of fulfilling standards, rules, and goals, core self a
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
s bad, wish to hide/disappear Guilt: accepting failure in terms of fulfilling standards, rules, and goals, actio
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
n as bad (focus on specific action rather than totality of self), action pattern directed outward toward repara
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
tion - Shame is considered an inhibitor of prosocial behavior whereas guilt is considered a motivator
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Q4. How did Drummond et al distinguish shame-prone and guilt-
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
prone toddlers in their experiment with the climbing monkey?
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: Child shown adult's favorite toy, adult lets child play with toy, toy breaks as soon as
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
child plays with it Children experienced both shame and guilt Shame prone: averted gaze from adult, seldo
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
m confess, seldom try to fix toy Guilt-prone: seldom avoid adult, often confess, often try to repair toy
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
,Q5. How did Drummond et al measure instrumental helping in their experiment with the climbi
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
ng monkey?
tb
[Verified Solution]: E "accidentally" drops sticks on the floor, help by handing sticks to E E opens cabin
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
et and papers fall out, help by picking up papers - Both groups had high levels of helping
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Q6. How did Drummond et al test empathetic helping in their experiment with the climbing mo
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
nkey?
[Verified Solution]: Blanket task: E pretends to be cold and put blanket on then leaves blanket on floor a
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
nd goes somewhere else and pretends to shiver, help by bringing blanket to E Sad task: E shows that toy m
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
akes him happy, gets phone call that makes him sad, help by bringing toy - More helping from guilt-
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
prone than shame-prone children
tb tb tb
Q7. Were there any differences in what the shame-prone and guilt-
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
prone toddlers did in these situations?
tb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: Both groups had high levels of instrumental helping More empathetic helping from g
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
uilt-prone than shame-prone children tb tb tb
Q8. What parenting practices elicit shame?
tbtb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: Parental practices that emphasize the child rather than the act "You're a bad child" P
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
ublicly humiliate the child tb tb tb
Q9. What parenting practices elicit guilt?
tbtb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: Parental practices that emphasize the 'badness' of the behavior "You did a bad thing"
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb t
bHelp child understand consequences their actions have for others Teach them to repair the damage Comm
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
unicate love and respect while disciplining the child
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Q10. What is the essence of collaboration?
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: Means acting as "equals" Both have the power to derail the joint activity Partners ca
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
n switch roles
tb tb
Q11. Provide examples of two-year-olds collaborating? Do they like to do so?
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: Two year old playing with the experimenter to lift up the cylinder to the other person
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
can grab the toy Yes they want to collaborate
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
, Q12. For Tomasello, the three-year-
tbtb tb tb tb
olds moral sense is rooted in cooperative activity. How are these social interactions transformed
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
as children develop a moral sense?
tb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: Social interactions transformed -
tb tbtb tb tb tb
emerging understanding of and respect for moral standards Obligation to one's partner Treat others fairly
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Need to conform to rules Feel guilty when don't do these things
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Q13. Tomasello presented children with different games where they had to work together to win
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
a prize (marbles or a chance to work the jiggle machine). What age-
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
related changes did he see in children's performance on these tasks?
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: 92% of 2.5 year olds stopped when they got the block and both went to toy with one
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb t
bblock 3.5 year olds kept pushing until their partner got a block too
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Q14. Is there any reason to believe that young children are sensitive to rules? Explain.
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: Yes, because if they see a puppet that starts to destroy someone's property, 3 yr olds
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
will intervene If a puppet starts to play a game the wrong way, 3 yr olds will intervene
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Q15. Describe some of the experiences that facilitate moral development.
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: - Noting the effects of one's actions on others -
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Vicarious learning: watching as as adult helps her, watching other children help each other -
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Intentional socialization and instruction -
tb tb tb tb tb
After 3 yrs of age interactions with peers involving reciprocity/perspective-
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
taking and adult normative instruction also help with moral development
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Q16. What are some of the ways a parent might respond to a child's wrongdoing?
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: - tb tbtb
Love withdrawal: withholding attention, affection, or approval after a child misbehaves -
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Power assertion: using power to threaten, chastise, spank, or take away privileges (forceful "no" or reprim
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
and can also work) -
tb tb tb tb
Induction: explaining to a child why the behavior is wrong and should be changed by emphasizing how it
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
affects other people tb tb
Q17. What parenting practice seems to most effective for promoting moral reasoning?
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: Induction is associated with more mature moral reasoning
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
tb WGU D094 tb
STUDENT NAME: ________________________________ tb tb DATE: _____________ tb
COURSE: Child Development Final Exam tb tb tb tb TIME: _____________ tb
EXAM CODE: WGU D094-101 tb tb tb
EXAM INSTRUCTIONS:tb
1. Print your full name and date clearly in the header above.
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
2. This exam booklet contains both Test Questions (Part I) and Verified Solutions (Part II).
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
3. Answer all multiple-choice questions clearly. Double-check your work.
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
4. Do not break the seal or open this booklet until instructed to do so by the proctor.
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Q1. How do the cognitive requirements of a sense of self and a set of standards differ for these e
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
motions: embarrassment, empathy, pride, shame, and guilt?
tb tb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: Embarrassment and empathy: sense of self as a separate person Pride, shame, and gu
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
ilt: standards, rules, and goals as well as the sense of self as a separate person
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Q2. Lewis et al. asked children to complete puzzles and unbeknownst to the child varied the am
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
ount of time they had to complete the puzzle. How did children respond when they succeeded at t
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
hese tasks? When they failed?
tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: Success: showed pride and happiness (jumped, threw hands in air, etc) Failure: show
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
ed shame and embarrassment (dropped head, hunched shoulders, sad/blank expression)
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Q3. How do shame and guilt differ? How are they related to prosocial behavior?
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: Shame: accepting failure in terms of fulfilling standards, rules, and goals, core self a
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
s bad, wish to hide/disappear Guilt: accepting failure in terms of fulfilling standards, rules, and goals, actio
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
n as bad (focus on specific action rather than totality of self), action pattern directed outward toward repara
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
tion - Shame is considered an inhibitor of prosocial behavior whereas guilt is considered a motivator
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Q4. How did Drummond et al distinguish shame-prone and guilt-
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
prone toddlers in their experiment with the climbing monkey?
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: Child shown adult's favorite toy, adult lets child play with toy, toy breaks as soon as
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
child plays with it Children experienced both shame and guilt Shame prone: averted gaze from adult, seldo
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
m confess, seldom try to fix toy Guilt-prone: seldom avoid adult, often confess, often try to repair toy
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
,Q5. How did Drummond et al measure instrumental helping in their experiment with the climbi
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
ng monkey?
tb
[Verified Solution]: E "accidentally" drops sticks on the floor, help by handing sticks to E E opens cabin
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
et and papers fall out, help by picking up papers - Both groups had high levels of helping
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Q6. How did Drummond et al test empathetic helping in their experiment with the climbing mo
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
nkey?
[Verified Solution]: Blanket task: E pretends to be cold and put blanket on then leaves blanket on floor a
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
nd goes somewhere else and pretends to shiver, help by bringing blanket to E Sad task: E shows that toy m
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
akes him happy, gets phone call that makes him sad, help by bringing toy - More helping from guilt-
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
prone than shame-prone children
tb tb tb
Q7. Were there any differences in what the shame-prone and guilt-
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
prone toddlers did in these situations?
tb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: Both groups had high levels of instrumental helping More empathetic helping from g
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
uilt-prone than shame-prone children tb tb tb
Q8. What parenting practices elicit shame?
tbtb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: Parental practices that emphasize the child rather than the act "You're a bad child" P
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
ublicly humiliate the child tb tb tb
Q9. What parenting practices elicit guilt?
tbtb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: Parental practices that emphasize the 'badness' of the behavior "You did a bad thing"
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb t
bHelp child understand consequences their actions have for others Teach them to repair the damage Comm
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
unicate love and respect while disciplining the child
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Q10. What is the essence of collaboration?
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: Means acting as "equals" Both have the power to derail the joint activity Partners ca
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
n switch roles
tb tb
Q11. Provide examples of two-year-olds collaborating? Do they like to do so?
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: Two year old playing with the experimenter to lift up the cylinder to the other person
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
can grab the toy Yes they want to collaborate
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
, Q12. For Tomasello, the three-year-
tbtb tb tb tb
olds moral sense is rooted in cooperative activity. How are these social interactions transformed
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
as children develop a moral sense?
tb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: Social interactions transformed -
tb tbtb tb tb tb
emerging understanding of and respect for moral standards Obligation to one's partner Treat others fairly
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Need to conform to rules Feel guilty when don't do these things
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Q13. Tomasello presented children with different games where they had to work together to win
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
a prize (marbles or a chance to work the jiggle machine). What age-
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
related changes did he see in children's performance on these tasks?
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: 92% of 2.5 year olds stopped when they got the block and both went to toy with one
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb t
bblock 3.5 year olds kept pushing until their partner got a block too
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Q14. Is there any reason to believe that young children are sensitive to rules? Explain.
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: Yes, because if they see a puppet that starts to destroy someone's property, 3 yr olds
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
will intervene If a puppet starts to play a game the wrong way, 3 yr olds will intervene
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Q15. Describe some of the experiences that facilitate moral development.
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: - Noting the effects of one's actions on others -
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Vicarious learning: watching as as adult helps her, watching other children help each other -
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Intentional socialization and instruction -
tb tb tb tb tb
After 3 yrs of age interactions with peers involving reciprocity/perspective-
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
taking and adult normative instruction also help with moral development
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Q16. What are some of the ways a parent might respond to a child's wrongdoing?
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: - tb tbtb
Love withdrawal: withholding attention, affection, or approval after a child misbehaves -
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
Power assertion: using power to threaten, chastise, spank, or take away privileges (forceful "no" or reprim
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
and can also work) -
tb tb tb tb
Induction: explaining to a child why the behavior is wrong and should be changed by emphasizing how it
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
affects other people tb tb
Q17. What parenting practice seems to most effective for promoting moral reasoning?
tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
[Verified Solution]: Induction is associated with more mature moral reasoning
tb tbtb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb
