RST 230 EXAMS 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE
A+
✔✔Reasons behind the rapid rise in the number of minorities in the U.S. -
✔✔Immigration, change in self-identification, increase in multi-racial population
✔✔Hart Celler Act of 1965 - ✔✔Abolished the national-origin quotas that had been in
place in the U.S. since 1882. Congress made family reunification as the primary
criterion for admittance. Each primary immigrant allowed to sponser people.
✔✔IRCA Act of 1986 - ✔✔Immigrants who had enter the U.S. prior to 1982 and resided
continuously between 1982 and 1986 were legible for citizenship. Gives citizenship to
all undocumented immigrants in the U.S. Secured the border. Made it illegal for
companies to hire undocumented immigrants.
✔✔DACA - ✔✔Immigration policy started by the Obama administration, does not
provide pathway to citizenship or legal status, just not sending ICE after kids. Allows
certain undocumented immigrants who entered the country as minors to receive a
renewable 2-year period of deferred action from deportation and a work permit.
✔✔Spatial distribution of major ethnic/racial groups in the U.S. - ✔✔African Americans
seen in Texas, Arkansas, the Carolinas, Florida, Georgia, essentially south-east portion
of the country.
Latinos are mostly in the south west.
Asians concentrated in big cities where large universities are.
American Indians are in Nevada, four corners, Montana, the Dakotas, Alaska, and
Oklahoma (areas with large reservations).
✔✔Socio-economic profile of ethnic/racial minority groups - ✔✔Highest socioeconomic
status among Asians, lowest among African Americans.
, ✔✔Differences in recreation patterns between non-Hispanic Whites, African Americans,
and Latinos - ✔✔Latinos prefer family-oriented recreation, large groups of
recreationists, soccer, baseball.
African Americans prefer urban pastimes, individual recreation, or with friend groups,
basketball, football, and track and field.
Whites prefer high participation rates in "wildland activities" like hiking, backpacking,
camping, mountain biking. Individual participation, with a peer group, or with a nuclear
family.
✔✔Unique motivations for leisure and recreation among ethnic and racial minorities -
✔✔Staying connected to homeland, learn more about new environment/culture,
maintaining connections with family.
✔✔Constraints to leisure and recreation experienced by ethnic and racial minorities -
✔✔Language barrier, low socioeconomic status, lack of drivers license/transportation in
general, outright discrimination, geographic barriers, cultural barriers.
✔✔Theories explaining differences in leisure/recreation patterns between ethnic/racial
minorities and the mainstream population - ✔✔Marginality-ethnicity model, perceived
discrimination, selective acculturation, ethnic boundary maintenance.
✔✔Marginality-ethnicity theory - ✔✔Minorities participate in different recreational
activities because of lack of socioeconomic resources and problems with transportation.
Minorities participate in different activities because of different values, norms, and
leisure socialization patterns.
✔✔selective acculturation theory - ✔✔Minorities adopt strategize traits of the
mainstream that help them succeed in the mainstream environment (EX: language).
✔✔perceived discrimination theory - ✔✔Activity preferences shaped by fear of
discrimination.
✔✔ethnic boundary maintenance theory - ✔✔Minorities build and emphasize cultural
differences between themselves and the mainstream population. Promotes cultural
solidarity with their in-group.
✔✔history of park and recreation delivery to ethnic and racial minorities - ✔✔Cities
avoided desegregation by closing or selling public parks, swimming pools, and other
public amenities to private organizations. Erosion of public support for municipal
facilities and a decline in the quality of existing facilities.
✔✔Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) - ✔✔All passenger trains in Louisiana required to provide
"separate but equal" seating cars for Whites and Blacks - beginnings of de jure
segregation.
A+
✔✔Reasons behind the rapid rise in the number of minorities in the U.S. -
✔✔Immigration, change in self-identification, increase in multi-racial population
✔✔Hart Celler Act of 1965 - ✔✔Abolished the national-origin quotas that had been in
place in the U.S. since 1882. Congress made family reunification as the primary
criterion for admittance. Each primary immigrant allowed to sponser people.
✔✔IRCA Act of 1986 - ✔✔Immigrants who had enter the U.S. prior to 1982 and resided
continuously between 1982 and 1986 were legible for citizenship. Gives citizenship to
all undocumented immigrants in the U.S. Secured the border. Made it illegal for
companies to hire undocumented immigrants.
✔✔DACA - ✔✔Immigration policy started by the Obama administration, does not
provide pathway to citizenship or legal status, just not sending ICE after kids. Allows
certain undocumented immigrants who entered the country as minors to receive a
renewable 2-year period of deferred action from deportation and a work permit.
✔✔Spatial distribution of major ethnic/racial groups in the U.S. - ✔✔African Americans
seen in Texas, Arkansas, the Carolinas, Florida, Georgia, essentially south-east portion
of the country.
Latinos are mostly in the south west.
Asians concentrated in big cities where large universities are.
American Indians are in Nevada, four corners, Montana, the Dakotas, Alaska, and
Oklahoma (areas with large reservations).
✔✔Socio-economic profile of ethnic/racial minority groups - ✔✔Highest socioeconomic
status among Asians, lowest among African Americans.
, ✔✔Differences in recreation patterns between non-Hispanic Whites, African Americans,
and Latinos - ✔✔Latinos prefer family-oriented recreation, large groups of
recreationists, soccer, baseball.
African Americans prefer urban pastimes, individual recreation, or with friend groups,
basketball, football, and track and field.
Whites prefer high participation rates in "wildland activities" like hiking, backpacking,
camping, mountain biking. Individual participation, with a peer group, or with a nuclear
family.
✔✔Unique motivations for leisure and recreation among ethnic and racial minorities -
✔✔Staying connected to homeland, learn more about new environment/culture,
maintaining connections with family.
✔✔Constraints to leisure and recreation experienced by ethnic and racial minorities -
✔✔Language barrier, low socioeconomic status, lack of drivers license/transportation in
general, outright discrimination, geographic barriers, cultural barriers.
✔✔Theories explaining differences in leisure/recreation patterns between ethnic/racial
minorities and the mainstream population - ✔✔Marginality-ethnicity model, perceived
discrimination, selective acculturation, ethnic boundary maintenance.
✔✔Marginality-ethnicity theory - ✔✔Minorities participate in different recreational
activities because of lack of socioeconomic resources and problems with transportation.
Minorities participate in different activities because of different values, norms, and
leisure socialization patterns.
✔✔selective acculturation theory - ✔✔Minorities adopt strategize traits of the
mainstream that help them succeed in the mainstream environment (EX: language).
✔✔perceived discrimination theory - ✔✔Activity preferences shaped by fear of
discrimination.
✔✔ethnic boundary maintenance theory - ✔✔Minorities build and emphasize cultural
differences between themselves and the mainstream population. Promotes cultural
solidarity with their in-group.
✔✔history of park and recreation delivery to ethnic and racial minorities - ✔✔Cities
avoided desegregation by closing or selling public parks, swimming pools, and other
public amenities to private organizations. Erosion of public support for municipal
facilities and a decline in the quality of existing facilities.
✔✔Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) - ✔✔All passenger trains in Louisiana required to provide
"separate but equal" seating cars for Whites and Blacks - beginnings of de jure
segregation.
