FINAL EXAMINATION PAPER dn dn
dn WGU D094 dn
STUDENT NAME: ________________________________
dn dn DATE: _____________ dn
COURSE: Child Development Final Exam dn dn dn dn TIME: _____________ dn
EXAM CODE: WGU D094-101dn dn dn
EXAM INSTRUCTIONS: dn
1. Print your full name and date clearly in the header above.
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
2. This exam booklet contains both Test Questions (Part I) and Verified Solutions (Part II).
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
3. Answer all multiple-choice questions clearly. Double-check your work.
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
4. Do not break the seal or open this booklet until instructed to do so by the proctor.
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Q1. How do the cognitive requirements of a sense of self and a set of standards differ for thes
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e emotions: embarrassment, empathy, pride, shame, and guilt?
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: Embarrassment and empathy: sense of self as a separate person Pride, shame, and
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn d
nguilt: standards, rules, and goals as well as the sense of self as a separate person
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Q2. Lewis et al. asked children to complete puzzles and unbeknownst to the child varied the a
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
mount of time they had to complete the puzzle. How did children respond when they succeede
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
d at these tasks? When they failed?
dn dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: Success: showed pride and happiness (jumped, threw hands in air, etc) Failure: sh
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
owed shame and embarrassment (dropped head, hunched shoulders, sad/blank expression)
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Q3. How do shame and guilt differ? How are they related to prosocial behavior?
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: Shame: accepting failure in terms of fulfilling standards, rules, and goals, core sel
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
f as bad, wish to hide/disappear Guilt: accepting failure in terms of fulfilling standards, rules, and goals,
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
action as bad (focus on specific action rather than totality of self), action pattern directed outward towa
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
rd reparation -
dn dn
Shame is considered an inhibitor of prosocial behavior whereas guilt is considered a motivator
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Q4. How did Drummond et al distinguish shame-prone and guilt-
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
prone toddlers in their experiment with the climbing monkey?
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: Child shown adult's favorite toy, adult lets child play with toy, toy breaks as soon
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
as child plays with it Children experienced both shame and guilt Shame prone: averted gaze from adult
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
, seldom confess, seldom try to fix toy Guilt-
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prone: seldom avoid adult, often confess, often try to repair toy
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
,Q5. How did Drummond et al measure instrumental helping in their experiment with the cli
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
mbing monkey? dn
[Verified Solution]: E "accidentally" drops sticks on the floor, help by handing sticks to E E opens ca
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
binet and papers fall out, help by picking up papers - Both groups had high levels of helping
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Q6. How did Drummond et al test empathetic helping in their experiment with the climbing
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
monkey?
[Verified Solution]: Blanket task: E pretends to be cold and put blanket on then leaves blanket on flo
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
or and goes somewhere else and pretends to shiver, help by bringing blanket to E Sad task: E shows th
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
at toy makes him happy, gets phone call that makes him sad, help by bringing toy -
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More helping from guilt-prone than shame-prone children
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Q7. Were there any differences in what the shame-prone and guilt-
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
prone toddlers did in these situations?
dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: Both groups had high levels of instrumental helping More empathetic helping fro
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
m guilt-prone than shame-prone children
dn dn dn dn
Q8. What parenting practices elicit shame?
dndn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: Parental practices that emphasize the child rather than the act "You're a bad child
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
" Publicly humiliate the child
dn dn dn dn
Q9. What parenting practices elicit guilt?
dndn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: Parental practices that emphasize the 'badness' of the behavior "You did a bad thi
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
ng" Help child understand consequences their actions have for others Teach them to repair the damage
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Communicate love and respect while disciplining the child dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Q10. What is the essence of collaboration?
dndn dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: Means acting as "equals" Both have the power to derail the joint activity Partners
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn d
ncan switch roles
dn dn
Q11. Provide examples of two-year-olds collaborating? Do they like to do so?
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: Two year old playing with the experimenter to lift up the cylinder to the other pe
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
rson can grab the toy Yes they want to collaborate
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
, Q12. For Tomasello, the three-year-
dndn dn dn dn
olds moral sense is rooted in cooperative activity. How are these social interactions transforme
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
d as children develop a moral sense?
dn dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: Social interactions transformed -
dn dndn dn dn dn
emerging understanding of and respect for moral standards Obligation to one's partner Treat others fairl
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
y Need to conform to rules Feel guilty when don't do these things
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Q13. Tomasello presented children with different games where they had to work together to
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
win a prize (marbles or a chance to work the jiggle machine). What age-
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
related changes did he see in children's performance on these tasks?
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: 92% of 2.5 year olds stopped when they got the block and both went to toy with
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
one block 3.5 year olds kept pushing until their partner got a block too
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Q14. Is there any reason to believe that young children are sensitive to rules? Explain.
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: Yes, because if they see a puppet that starts to destroy someone's property, 3 yr o
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
lds will intervene If a puppet starts to play a game the wrong way, 3 yr olds will intervene
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Q15. Describe some of the experiences that facilitate moral development.
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: - Noting the effects of one's actions on others -
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Vicarious learning: watching as as adult helps her, watching other children help each other -
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Intentional socialization and instruction -
dn dn dn dn dn
After 3 yrs of age interactions with peers involving reciprocity/perspective-
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
taking and adult normative instruction also help with moral development
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Q16. What are some of the ways a parent might respond to a child's wrongdoing?
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: - dn dndn
Love withdrawal: withholding attention, affection, or approval after a child misbehaves -
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Power assertion: using power to threaten, chastise, spank, or take away privileges (forceful "no" or repr
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
imand can also work) -
dn dn dn dn
Induction: explaining to a child why the behavior is wrong and should be changed by emphasizing ho
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
w it affects other people
dn dn dn dn
Q17. What parenting practice seems to most effective for promoting moral reasoning?
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: Induction is associated with more mature moral reasoning
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
dn WGU D094 dn
STUDENT NAME: ________________________________
dn dn DATE: _____________ dn
COURSE: Child Development Final Exam dn dn dn dn TIME: _____________ dn
EXAM CODE: WGU D094-101dn dn dn
EXAM INSTRUCTIONS: dn
1. Print your full name and date clearly in the header above.
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
2. This exam booklet contains both Test Questions (Part I) and Verified Solutions (Part II).
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
3. Answer all multiple-choice questions clearly. Double-check your work.
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
4. Do not break the seal or open this booklet until instructed to do so by the proctor.
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Q1. How do the cognitive requirements of a sense of self and a set of standards differ for thes
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
e emotions: embarrassment, empathy, pride, shame, and guilt?
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: Embarrassment and empathy: sense of self as a separate person Pride, shame, and
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn d
nguilt: standards, rules, and goals as well as the sense of self as a separate person
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Q2. Lewis et al. asked children to complete puzzles and unbeknownst to the child varied the a
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
mount of time they had to complete the puzzle. How did children respond when they succeede
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
d at these tasks? When they failed?
dn dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: Success: showed pride and happiness (jumped, threw hands in air, etc) Failure: sh
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
owed shame and embarrassment (dropped head, hunched shoulders, sad/blank expression)
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Q3. How do shame and guilt differ? How are they related to prosocial behavior?
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: Shame: accepting failure in terms of fulfilling standards, rules, and goals, core sel
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
f as bad, wish to hide/disappear Guilt: accepting failure in terms of fulfilling standards, rules, and goals,
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
action as bad (focus on specific action rather than totality of self), action pattern directed outward towa
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
rd reparation -
dn dn
Shame is considered an inhibitor of prosocial behavior whereas guilt is considered a motivator
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Q4. How did Drummond et al distinguish shame-prone and guilt-
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
prone toddlers in their experiment with the climbing monkey?
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: Child shown adult's favorite toy, adult lets child play with toy, toy breaks as soon
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
as child plays with it Children experienced both shame and guilt Shame prone: averted gaze from adult
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
, seldom confess, seldom try to fix toy Guilt-
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
prone: seldom avoid adult, often confess, often try to repair toy
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
,Q5. How did Drummond et al measure instrumental helping in their experiment with the cli
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
mbing monkey? dn
[Verified Solution]: E "accidentally" drops sticks on the floor, help by handing sticks to E E opens ca
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
binet and papers fall out, help by picking up papers - Both groups had high levels of helping
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Q6. How did Drummond et al test empathetic helping in their experiment with the climbing
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
monkey?
[Verified Solution]: Blanket task: E pretends to be cold and put blanket on then leaves blanket on flo
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
or and goes somewhere else and pretends to shiver, help by bringing blanket to E Sad task: E shows th
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
at toy makes him happy, gets phone call that makes him sad, help by bringing toy -
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
More helping from guilt-prone than shame-prone children
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Q7. Were there any differences in what the shame-prone and guilt-
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
prone toddlers did in these situations?
dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: Both groups had high levels of instrumental helping More empathetic helping fro
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
m guilt-prone than shame-prone children
dn dn dn dn
Q8. What parenting practices elicit shame?
dndn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: Parental practices that emphasize the child rather than the act "You're a bad child
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
" Publicly humiliate the child
dn dn dn dn
Q9. What parenting practices elicit guilt?
dndn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: Parental practices that emphasize the 'badness' of the behavior "You did a bad thi
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
ng" Help child understand consequences their actions have for others Teach them to repair the damage
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Communicate love and respect while disciplining the child dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Q10. What is the essence of collaboration?
dndn dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: Means acting as "equals" Both have the power to derail the joint activity Partners
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn d
ncan switch roles
dn dn
Q11. Provide examples of two-year-olds collaborating? Do they like to do so?
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: Two year old playing with the experimenter to lift up the cylinder to the other pe
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
rson can grab the toy Yes they want to collaborate
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
, Q12. For Tomasello, the three-year-
dndn dn dn dn
olds moral sense is rooted in cooperative activity. How are these social interactions transforme
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
d as children develop a moral sense?
dn dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: Social interactions transformed -
dn dndn dn dn dn
emerging understanding of and respect for moral standards Obligation to one's partner Treat others fairl
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
y Need to conform to rules Feel guilty when don't do these things
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Q13. Tomasello presented children with different games where they had to work together to
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
win a prize (marbles or a chance to work the jiggle machine). What age-
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
related changes did he see in children's performance on these tasks?
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: 92% of 2.5 year olds stopped when they got the block and both went to toy with
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
one block 3.5 year olds kept pushing until their partner got a block too
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Q14. Is there any reason to believe that young children are sensitive to rules? Explain.
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: Yes, because if they see a puppet that starts to destroy someone's property, 3 yr o
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
lds will intervene If a puppet starts to play a game the wrong way, 3 yr olds will intervene
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Q15. Describe some of the experiences that facilitate moral development.
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: - Noting the effects of one's actions on others -
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Vicarious learning: watching as as adult helps her, watching other children help each other -
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Intentional socialization and instruction -
dn dn dn dn dn
After 3 yrs of age interactions with peers involving reciprocity/perspective-
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
taking and adult normative instruction also help with moral development
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Q16. What are some of the ways a parent might respond to a child's wrongdoing?
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: - dn dndn
Love withdrawal: withholding attention, affection, or approval after a child misbehaves -
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
Power assertion: using power to threaten, chastise, spank, or take away privileges (forceful "no" or repr
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
imand can also work) -
dn dn dn dn
Induction: explaining to a child why the behavior is wrong and should be changed by emphasizing ho
dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
w it affects other people
dn dn dn dn
Q17. What parenting practice seems to most effective for promoting moral reasoning?
dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
[Verified Solution]: Induction is associated with more mature moral reasoning
dn dndn dn dn dn dn dn dn dn
