THE BRAIN
3.6 BRAIN & COGNITION
ANH PHAM
2022-2021
EUR Psychology
, OUTLINE
THEME 1
1. Breedlove (2017) | P163-191 | Evolution of brain and behavior
2. Breedlove (2013) | P23-33 | Functional Neuroanatomy
3. Gazzaniga (2009) | P44-53 | Cellular mechanism & Cognition
4. Breedlove (2013) | P185-200 | Lifespan development of the brain and behavior
5. Stahl (2013) | P5-26 | Chemical neurotransmission
THEME 2
1. Purves (2019)| P541 – 562 | Experience-dependent plasticity in the nervous system
2. Purves (2019) Chap 26
3. Carson (2017) | P419 – 459 | Learning & Memory
THEME 3
1. Stahl (2000) | P105-130 | Chemical neurotransmission as the mediator of disease actions
2. Stalh (2008) | P195-222 | Circuits in Psychopharmacology
3. Stalh (2008) | P223-238 | From circuits to symptoms in Psychopharmacology
4. Breedlove (2013) | P91-107 | The chemistry of behavior
5. Stahl (2013) | P34-43 | G-protein-linked receptors + Stahl (2000) | P82-98| Special properties
of receptors
6. Stahl (2008) | P167-170 | Enzymes as sites of pharmacological drug action
THEME 4
1. Battleday | Modafinil for cognitive neuroenhancement in healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects
2. Smith | Are prescription stimulants smart pills?
3. Dresler (2013) | Non-pharmacological cognitive enhancement
4. Illieva | Objective and subjective cognitive enhancing effects of mixed amphetamine salts in
healthy people
5. Wadhwa | Caffeine and modafinil given during 48h sleep deprivation modulate object
recognition memory and synaptic proteins in the hippocampus
5 LECTURES
EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS (FROM REAL EXAM)
,THEME 1
BREEDLOVE (2017) | P163-191 | EVOLUTION OF BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR
1. DARWIN
- General idea
- Adaptation
- Psychological function
- Sexual selection
- Convergent evolution
2. MODERN EVOLUTION THEORY
- Mendel: Genetics
- Huge de Vries: Mutations Create variation Keep favored mutation and select out others
- Chromosomes (supercoiled length of DNA) DNA Genes Proteins
- Linnaeus basic classification system:
o Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
o (Kindly Put Clothes On, For God Sake)
o Phylogeny (Tribe + Born) Same born group
o Taxonomy Study genetics to reconstruct phylogeny
3. BRAIN BETWEEN ANIMALS
- Complex lifestyle requires complex brain system
- Birds which store food have larger hippocampus + larger telencephalon
- Birds sing more have higher relative higher vocal center (HVC) volume
4. BRAIN STRUCTURE
- All vertebrate brains share the same structure: visual cortex, audiotory cortex and somatosensory
cortex
- Vertebrate nervous system: similar 6 characters cuz have the same ancestor
o Development from a hollow dorsal neural tube
o Bilateral symmetry (left hemisphere looks alike right hemisphere)
o Segmentation (pairs of spinal nerves extend from each level of the spinal cord)
o Hierarchical control (cerebral hemispheres control activity of spinal cord)
o Separate systems (CNS +PNS)
o Localization of function (different locations in CNS control different things)
, - Changes in vertebrate brain = changes in behavior
o Study method: endocast (use the cranial cavity of a fossil skull) and study present-day
animals.
- Through evolution, vertebrate brains have changed in size + organization
o All mammals have neocortex structure (6-layered cortex) half the size of the brain
o Reptiles only have an archicortex structure (3 layers), were the first to have large cerebral
hemispheres
- Brain size evolved in independently in multiple lineages (dòng họ)
o Larger body size, large brain weight
o Encephalization factor= k = Brain weight / [(Body weight)^0.69]
highest in human = 0.71
o Comparing brain areas vs total brain weight between human and primates
Medulla reduces
Cerebellum stay the same
Cortex increases
o Social brain hypothesis: Larger cortex complexity of the social group + skill development
Brain size: tool of social learning correlate with these factors.
o Primate species differ in gene expression create different species
5. EVOLUTION CONTINUES
- Some evolution nowadays due to human behavior, or artificial selection.
- Natural selection still applies to human nowadays (SNP example Choose the second example in
reproduction)
BREEDLOVE (2013) | P23-33 | FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY
1. NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Nerve cells = neuron = basic unit of the nervous system. Each composed of a cell body, receptive
extension (dendrites) and a transmitting extension (axon)
- Glial cells = glial = nonneuronal brain cell that provide structure, nutritional and other types of
support to the brain
2. NEURON
Neuro doctrine
- Hypothesis that brain is composed of separate cells that are distinct structurally, metabolically
and functionally.
- Infor is transmitted from cell to cell across tiny caps call synapses
Neuro has 4 structural divisions
3.6 BRAIN & COGNITION
ANH PHAM
2022-2021
EUR Psychology
, OUTLINE
THEME 1
1. Breedlove (2017) | P163-191 | Evolution of brain and behavior
2. Breedlove (2013) | P23-33 | Functional Neuroanatomy
3. Gazzaniga (2009) | P44-53 | Cellular mechanism & Cognition
4. Breedlove (2013) | P185-200 | Lifespan development of the brain and behavior
5. Stahl (2013) | P5-26 | Chemical neurotransmission
THEME 2
1. Purves (2019)| P541 – 562 | Experience-dependent plasticity in the nervous system
2. Purves (2019) Chap 26
3. Carson (2017) | P419 – 459 | Learning & Memory
THEME 3
1. Stahl (2000) | P105-130 | Chemical neurotransmission as the mediator of disease actions
2. Stalh (2008) | P195-222 | Circuits in Psychopharmacology
3. Stalh (2008) | P223-238 | From circuits to symptoms in Psychopharmacology
4. Breedlove (2013) | P91-107 | The chemistry of behavior
5. Stahl (2013) | P34-43 | G-protein-linked receptors + Stahl (2000) | P82-98| Special properties
of receptors
6. Stahl (2008) | P167-170 | Enzymes as sites of pharmacological drug action
THEME 4
1. Battleday | Modafinil for cognitive neuroenhancement in healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects
2. Smith | Are prescription stimulants smart pills?
3. Dresler (2013) | Non-pharmacological cognitive enhancement
4. Illieva | Objective and subjective cognitive enhancing effects of mixed amphetamine salts in
healthy people
5. Wadhwa | Caffeine and modafinil given during 48h sleep deprivation modulate object
recognition memory and synaptic proteins in the hippocampus
5 LECTURES
EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS (FROM REAL EXAM)
,THEME 1
BREEDLOVE (2017) | P163-191 | EVOLUTION OF BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR
1. DARWIN
- General idea
- Adaptation
- Psychological function
- Sexual selection
- Convergent evolution
2. MODERN EVOLUTION THEORY
- Mendel: Genetics
- Huge de Vries: Mutations Create variation Keep favored mutation and select out others
- Chromosomes (supercoiled length of DNA) DNA Genes Proteins
- Linnaeus basic classification system:
o Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
o (Kindly Put Clothes On, For God Sake)
o Phylogeny (Tribe + Born) Same born group
o Taxonomy Study genetics to reconstruct phylogeny
3. BRAIN BETWEEN ANIMALS
- Complex lifestyle requires complex brain system
- Birds which store food have larger hippocampus + larger telencephalon
- Birds sing more have higher relative higher vocal center (HVC) volume
4. BRAIN STRUCTURE
- All vertebrate brains share the same structure: visual cortex, audiotory cortex and somatosensory
cortex
- Vertebrate nervous system: similar 6 characters cuz have the same ancestor
o Development from a hollow dorsal neural tube
o Bilateral symmetry (left hemisphere looks alike right hemisphere)
o Segmentation (pairs of spinal nerves extend from each level of the spinal cord)
o Hierarchical control (cerebral hemispheres control activity of spinal cord)
o Separate systems (CNS +PNS)
o Localization of function (different locations in CNS control different things)
, - Changes in vertebrate brain = changes in behavior
o Study method: endocast (use the cranial cavity of a fossil skull) and study present-day
animals.
- Through evolution, vertebrate brains have changed in size + organization
o All mammals have neocortex structure (6-layered cortex) half the size of the brain
o Reptiles only have an archicortex structure (3 layers), were the first to have large cerebral
hemispheres
- Brain size evolved in independently in multiple lineages (dòng họ)
o Larger body size, large brain weight
o Encephalization factor= k = Brain weight / [(Body weight)^0.69]
highest in human = 0.71
o Comparing brain areas vs total brain weight between human and primates
Medulla reduces
Cerebellum stay the same
Cortex increases
o Social brain hypothesis: Larger cortex complexity of the social group + skill development
Brain size: tool of social learning correlate with these factors.
o Primate species differ in gene expression create different species
5. EVOLUTION CONTINUES
- Some evolution nowadays due to human behavior, or artificial selection.
- Natural selection still applies to human nowadays (SNP example Choose the second example in
reproduction)
BREEDLOVE (2013) | P23-33 | FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY
1. NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Nerve cells = neuron = basic unit of the nervous system. Each composed of a cell body, receptive
extension (dendrites) and a transmitting extension (axon)
- Glial cells = glial = nonneuronal brain cell that provide structure, nutritional and other types of
support to the brain
2. NEURON
Neuro doctrine
- Hypothesis that brain is composed of separate cells that are distinct structurally, metabolically
and functionally.
- Infor is transmitted from cell to cell across tiny caps call synapses
Neuro has 4 structural divisions
